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Review 5: Purpose & Result Clauses I. Purpose Clauses Purpose Clauses • most common way to express purpose in Latin is w/ a subordinate clause using a subjunctive verb • tell why or for what purpose someone does something • 3 main types of purpose clauses: 1. adverbial purpose clauses 2. relative clauses of purpose 3. indirect commands (substantive clauses of purpose) Sequence of Tenses in PCs • limited to using the present or imperfect subjunctive • all purpose clauses adhere to the following SOT: Sequence Tense of MV Tense of Subj. Verb Base Trans. of Subj. Verb Primary Present Future Future Perfect Present “may _____” Secondary Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Imperfect “might _____” 1. Adverbial Purpose Clauses • introduced by ut (or utī) • negated by nē • when translated, often sound like infinitives in English, but there are many different ways to translate 1. Adverbial Purpose Clauses Pugnāmus ut urbem defendāmus. We are fighting to defend the city. …in order to defend the city. …so as to defend the city. …for the purpose of defending the city. …so that we may defend the city …in order that we may defend the city. …that we may defend the city. 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP) • introduced by relative pronoun quī, quae, quod • when clause contains a comparative, usually intro’d. by quō • must have an antecedent in the main clause • used to emphasize the purpose of the antecedent rather than the whole clause • can be translated several ways 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP) Misērunt militēs Rōmam quī urbem defenderent. They sentsoldiers to Rome to defend the city. …who were to defend the city. …so that they might defend the city. 3. Indirect Commands • sometimes called substantive PCs or ut noun clauses • occur after verbs of asking, commanding, ordering, warning, advising, persuading, demanding, and encouraging • when translated, often sound like infinitives but can be trans. using “that” too • Reflexives (sē, etc.) in ICs refer back to the subject of the main verb 3. Indirect Commands • MV takes its object in one of 3 cases before the IC: – accusative, dative, or ā/ab + ablative • Verbs w/ Dative (IMP): – Imperō: to order, command – Mandō: to command, instruct – Persuadeō: to persuade, convince Nōbīs persuādit ut veniāmus. She is persuading us to come. …that we come. 3. Indirect Commands • Verbs w/ Accusative (MOHR): – Moneō: to warn, advise – Orō: to beg, entreat; ask for – Hortor: to urge, encourage, exhort – Rogō: to ask Mē rogāvit ut venīrem. He asked me to come. …that I come. 3. Indirect Commands • Verbs w/ ā/ab + Ablative (PPQ): – Petō: to beg, demand, ask (for) – Postulō: to demand – Quaerō: to ask, inquire; seek Ā nobīs petunt ut veniāmus. They are asking us to come. …that we come. II. Result Clauses Result Clauses • result of an action happening in the main clause is represented by a subordinate clause w/ subj. verb • tell you what happened as a result of the verb in the main clause • introduced by ut • negated by ut nōn or ut + another negative word but never by nē – other negative words: nēmō, nihil, nullus, etc. Result Clauses • usually contain a trigger word meaning “so” or “such” in the main clause: – sīc: so, in this way – ita: so, in such a way, thus – tam: so – tālis, tāle: such, of such a kind – tantus, –a, –um: so large, so great; such a large, such a great – tot: so many Sequence of Tenses in RCs • limited to using the present or imperfect subjunctive • all result clauses use same SOT as PCs: Sequence Tense of MV Tense of Subj. Verb Base Trans. of Subj. Verb Primary Present Future Future Perfect Present “may _____” Secondary Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Imperfect “might _____” 1. Adverbial Result Clauses • all result clauses not used substantively are adverbial result clauses Tempestās est tanta ut perterreāmur. The storm is so great that (as a result) we are scared. Illud sāxum erat tam grave ut nēmō id tollere posset. That rock is so heavy that (as a result) no one could lift it. 2. Substantive Result Clauses • a result clause can act as a noun, being either the subject or object of certain verbs • can be the object of a verb of causing or bringing about – e.g.: efficiō, faciō, perficiō Caesar effēcit ut urbs caperētur. Caesar brought it about that the city was captured. 2. Substantive Result Clauses • can be the subject of… – a verb of causing or bringing about (when used in the passive, e.g. fiō) – a verb of happening (accidit – this can be pres. or perf.) – the impersonal verb necesse est Accidit ut urbs capiātur. It happens that the city is being captured. Purpose vs. Result Clauses Purpose vs. Result • PCs and RCs look alike since they are intro’d. by ut and use only the pres. or impf. subjunctive • PCs are negated by nē, RCs by ut + any negative but nē • RCs usually have a word meaning “so” or “such” in the main clause Purpose or Result? Currit ut nēmō eum capiat. Currit ita ut nēmō eum capiat. Puer puellam terruit ut illa timēret. Puer puellam tam terruit ut illa timēret.