Download Purpose/Result Clauses PPT

Review 5:
Purpose & Result Clauses
I. Purpose Clauses
Purpose Clauses
• most common way to express purpose in Latin is w/ a
subordinate clause using a subjunctive verb
• tell why or for what purpose someone does something
• 3 main types of purpose clauses:
1. adverbial purpose clauses
2. relative clauses of purpose
3. indirect commands (substantive clauses of purpose)
Sequence of Tenses in PCs
• limited to using the present or imperfect subjunctive
• all purpose clauses adhere to the following SOT:
Sequence
Tense of MV
Tense of Subj. Verb
Base Trans. of Subj.
Verb
Primary
Present
Future
Future Perfect
Present
“may _____”
Secondary
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Imperfect
“might _____”
1. Adverbial Purpose Clauses
• introduced by ut (or utī)
• negated by nē
• when translated, often sound like infinitives in
English, but there are many different ways to
translate
1. Adverbial Purpose Clauses
Pugnāmus ut urbem defendāmus.
We are fighting to defend the city.
…in order to defend the city.
…so as to defend the city.
…for the purpose of defending the city.
…so that we may defend the city
…in order that we may defend the city.
…that we may defend the city.
2. Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP)
• introduced by relative pronoun quī, quae, quod
• when clause contains a comparative, usually intro’d.
by quō
• must have an antecedent in the main clause
• used to emphasize the purpose of the antecedent
rather than the whole clause
• can be translated several ways
2. Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP)
Misērunt militēs Rōmam quī urbem
defenderent.
They sentsoldiers to Rome to defend the city.
…who were to defend the city.
…so that they might defend the city.
3. Indirect Commands
• sometimes called substantive PCs or ut noun clauses
• occur after verbs of asking, commanding, ordering,
warning, advising, persuading, demanding, and
encouraging
• when translated, often sound like infinitives but can
be trans. using “that” too
• Reflexives (sē, etc.) in ICs refer back to the subject of
the main verb
3. Indirect Commands
• MV takes its object in one of 3 cases before the IC:
– accusative, dative, or ā/ab + ablative
• Verbs w/ Dative (IMP):
– Imperō: to order, command
– Mandō: to command, instruct
– Persuadeō: to persuade, convince
Nōbīs persuādit ut veniāmus.
She is persuading us to come.
…that we come.
3. Indirect Commands
• Verbs w/ Accusative (MOHR):
– Moneō: to warn, advise
– Orō: to beg, entreat; ask for
– Hortor: to urge, encourage, exhort
– Rogō: to ask
Mē rogāvit ut venīrem.
He asked me to come.
…that I come.
3. Indirect Commands
• Verbs w/ ā/ab + Ablative (PPQ):
– Petō: to beg, demand, ask (for)
– Postulō: to demand
– Quaerō: to ask, inquire; seek
Ā nobīs petunt ut veniāmus.
They are asking us to come.
…that we come.
II. Result Clauses
Result Clauses
• result of an action happening in the main clause is
represented by a subordinate clause w/ subj. verb
• tell you what happened as a result of the verb in the
main clause
• introduced by ut
• negated by ut nōn or ut + another negative word but
never by nē
– other negative words: nēmō, nihil, nullus, etc.
Result Clauses
• usually contain a trigger word meaning “so” or “such”
in the main clause:
– sīc: so, in this way
– ita: so, in such a way, thus
– tam: so
– tālis, tāle: such, of such a kind
– tantus, –a, –um: so large, so great; such a large, such a
great
– tot: so many
Sequence of Tenses in RCs
• limited to using the present or imperfect subjunctive
• all result clauses use same SOT as PCs:
Sequence
Tense of MV
Tense of Subj. Verb
Base Trans. of Subj.
Verb
Primary
Present
Future
Future Perfect
Present
“may _____”
Secondary
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Imperfect
“might _____”
1. Adverbial Result Clauses
• all result clauses not used substantively are adverbial
result clauses
Tempestās est tanta ut perterreāmur.
The storm is so great that (as a result) we are scared.
Illud sāxum erat tam grave ut nēmō id tollere posset.
That rock is so heavy that (as a result) no one could lift
it.
2. Substantive Result Clauses
• a result clause can act as a noun, being either the
subject or object of certain verbs
• can be the object of a verb of causing or bringing
about
– e.g.: efficiō, faciō, perficiō
Caesar effēcit ut urbs caperētur.
Caesar brought it about that the city was captured.
2. Substantive Result Clauses
• can be the subject of…
– a verb of causing or bringing about (when used in the
passive, e.g. fiō)
– a verb of happening (accidit – this can be pres. or perf.)
– the impersonal verb necesse est
Accidit ut urbs capiātur.
It happens that the city is being captured.
Purpose vs. Result
Clauses
Purpose vs. Result
• PCs and RCs look alike since they are intro’d. by ut
and use only the pres. or impf. subjunctive
• PCs are negated by nē, RCs by ut + any negative but
nē
• RCs usually have a word meaning “so” or “such” in
the main clause
Purpose or Result?
Currit ut nēmō eum capiat.
Currit ita ut nēmō eum capiat.
Puer puellam terruit ut illa timēret.
Puer puellam tam terruit ut illa timēret.