Download Norms - Manhasset Schools

Chapter # 12: Social Psych
Norms
Roles
Social
Dilemma/
Social trap
Normative
Social Pressure
Obedience
Deindividuation
Social
Facilitation
Social Loafing
Group
Polarization
Effect
Risky – Shift
Phenomenon
-established social rules
-ascribed social positions in groups and defined behavior
expectations
-individuals behave in ways that are unproductive simply because
they fear others might do so
-tragedy of the commons
-even when one’s long-term self-interest is best supported by
cooperation, people often end up competing, to the detriment of all
-going along with the group, even if you do not agree with their
decisions because you desire to gain social approval
-refers to doing something because someone, often an authority
figure, told you to do so, whether you like it or not
-harsher than compliance
-term to account for some individual behaviors in group settings
-describes loss of identity and personal responsibility in a crowd
-helps explain why an otherwise kind hearted law abiding person
commits a theft during a riot
-if you are performing a task that you know well and is one in
which you have had success, the audience tends to aid your
performance
-reduced effort group members put into a task as a result of the
size of the group
-exaggeration of initial attitudes
-occurs when a judgment or decision of a group is more extreme
than what individual members of the group would have reached on
their own
-once thought that groups tended to make more dangerous
decisions in general than the individual members would have
-research suggests it is more accurate to say that the group simply
exaggerates the predispositions of the individuals
-ex: lifting a large box takes great effort but if you
are 1 of 4 people lifting, you may put in less effort
that your share in the hope that other members of the
group will not realize you are slacking off
-ex: people with negative racial attitudes in a group,
those who started off with high prejudice often end
up with an even higher prejudice
Chapter # 12: Social Psych
Groupthink
Attribution
Theory
dispositional vs.
situational
attributions
Fundamental
Attribution
Error
Primacy Effect
cognitivedissonance
theory
(Festinger)
“foot in the
door” technique
“door in the
face” technique
-when members of a group are driven to reach unanimous
decisions, don’t evaluate repercussions of decisions
-groups making decisions isolated and homogeneous, lack of
impartial leadership, high level of pressure for decision to be made
- do not think they can make a mistake
-mind guard may criticize members of group who do not agree
-applied to understand political situation
-refers to how people assign responsibility for certain decisions
and outcomes
-proposed by Fritz Heider
-dispositional: assumes that the cause of a behavior or outcome is
internal
-situational: assigns the cause of a behavior or outcome to the
environment or external conditions-people are likely to make
ex: political leaders can make decisions that in
retrospect seem so bad
D ex: lead role of a play was given to someone else,
unsuccessful actor would say “I wasn’t very good for
the part”
S ex: actor would blame rejection on specific system
of casting
-dispositional attributions when judging others and situational
attributions when judging themselves
-particularly true for negative outcomes
-the tendency to remember initial information
-in the memorization of a list of words, the primacy effect is
evidenced by better recall of the words early in the list
-occurs when attitudes and behaviors contradict each other
-tension is not pleasant, people change in order to achieve
cognitive consistency
-Festinger came to conclusion that people are likely to alter their
attitude to fit their behavior
-technique is based on methods sometimes employed in the past
by door-to-door salespeople, who operate on the assumption that if
they could just “get their foot in the door” their chance of sales
success was high
-involves starting big and then “settling”
-ex: law-abiding citizens speed: people adjust their
attitude and continue their behavior
-ex: if you want to make a big commission by selling
expensive guitars you would show guitars of lesser
value, while encouraging shopper to commit to idea
of buying from you, invite shopper to try guitars out
and then move on to the more expensive model
-ex: to sell most expensive guitar possible you show
a custom made model w/ a price affordable only to
wealthy buyers, after rejecting the purchase coming
down to a lower price is easier for the potential buyer
Chapter # 12: Social Psych
High Ball
Technique
Illusory
Correlation
In-group/Outgroup Bias
Scapegoat
Theory
Just World
Hypothesis
Types of
Aggression
Frustration –
Aggression
Hypothesis
Prisoner Game
Halo Effect
Attraction
Mere- Exposure
Effect
-asking for something much higher than someone expects, and
then agreeing when they accept a lower offer
-the appearance of a correlation that doesn’t actually exist
-two variables only appear to offset each other
-humans tend to favor the groups in which they belong
-“we” are the in group, “they” are the out group
-“we” share common values and attitudes, “they” are diff from us
-members of out-group are not seen as being different from each
other (out-group homogeneity bias, stereotyping)
-easy to blame those you deem inferior for all wrongs
-allows us to explain the misfortunes others suffer as being the
result of some behavior of theirs
-world is an orderly place and people can avoid dangers placing
one in jeopardy
-hostile aggression: emotional and impulsive, typically induced by
pain or stress
-instrumental aggression: aggression committed to gain something
of value
-the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to
achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression
-zero-sum game analyzing human cooperation and trust
-refers to the error by which we generalize a high self-evaluation
from one domain to another
-applies to evaluations of others
-social psychology indicates that keys to attraction are similarity
and physical proximity
-“opposites attract” is not a useful generalization
-repetition is an effective technique for achieving persuasion,
which is the same reason why advertisements run so frequently
-based on the idea that we have more positive feelings about
things to which we are frequently exposed
Chapter # 12: Social Psych
Altruism
Bystander
Effect
Zimbardo’s
Prison
Experiment
Milgram’s
Obedience
Study
Kitty Genovese
(Latane &
Darley study of
diffusion of
responsiblity)
Asch’s
Conformity
Study
-helping behavior
-helps reduce tendency toward bystander effect
-indifference when people see or hear what is happening but
nobody intervenes ; occurs as a result of diffusion of responsibility
-1970’s student volunteers play roles in “prison” at Stanford
University; dynamics of incarceration and prison psychology
-volunteers randomly assigned as guards and prisoners in 2 week
role play of prison life
-guards conformed to “expected” role: punish, humiliate, and
make life miserable for prisoners
-contributed to today’s ethical guidelines in psychological research
-studied obedience
-participants believed job to administer shocks of increasing
intensity to another participant if participant performed poorly on
learning task
-other participant was a confederate, intentionally performing
badly: real participant obliged to administer shock
-confederate acted as if shocks painful, pleading participant to stop
(no shocks actually given)
-participant instructed by experimenter to continue shocks
-65% delivered full range of shock
-contributed to today’s ethical guidelines in psychological research
-a woman murdered in her apartment complex
-40 neighbors saw/heard what was happening but no one
intervened or called police
- supports bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic
ignorance
-studied nature of conformity
-participants thought they were being evaluated on their perceptual
judgments: shown stimuli (lines of diff lengths), report which of
lines matched a standard line in length, correct answers obvious
-confederates purposely respond incorrectly
-75% of subjects went to wrong answer at least once because of
others; knew answers they gave were wrong
Chapter # 12: Social Psych