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Ancient Greek Civilization How did Greek civilization begin? • Began with the Minoans. • Peaceful people who flourished on the island of Crete from 3000 to 1450 B.C.E. • Advances with wove/dyed cloth, constructed stone roads/bridges, built highly advanced drainage systems and aqueducts (royal family had showers and toilets that could be flushed) • The Minoans were either conquered by or succeed by the Mycenaeans Crete and the mainland of Greece including the Aegean Sea and Troy Mycenaeans flourished from 1650 to 1200 B.C.E. • Crete was struck by a 200 foot tidal wave, which weakened the Minoans. (volcanic eruption) • The Mycenaeans lived on the mainland Greece • They were skilled horsemen, charioteers, and accomplished sailors who ruled the Aegean. • Mycenaean culture revolved around their fortified palaces, called acropolises (top cities)– cities included Sparta, Corinth, Athens, Thebes • 1200 B.C.E. the Mycenaean attacked the city of Troy (key to the profitable Black Sea Trade) this launched the Trojan War (10 years of war – led to the writing by Homer in the Iliad) Mycenaeans won! The poet Homer Pg 116 Iliad – Odyssey – What did Homer reveal about ancient Greek? Greek City-States • Ancient Greece was made up of many independent communities called “city-states” who all shared the same language/culture • Most successful city, Athens, established many of the ideas that underlie Western civilization! • But although democratic government started in Greece, only men could become citizens and vote – women (and slaves) were excluded. Evaluate the Greek city-states (pgs 118-120) 1. Land boundaries? 2. How did they count on the sea? 3. How did the alphabet evolve? 4. Why and how did the citizens have some power in the government? 5. Explain how Greece evolved into a Democracy? Geographic features shaped Greek Civilization 1. The sea united Greek people travel/trade were vital 2. The land 3/4ths of Greece covered by mountains – Difficult to unite. People lived in the valleys and established city-states Compare/Contrast the Minoan, Mycenaean, and Dorian civilizations 1. Location 2. Date civilization at height 3. Major trade partners 4. Reason for decline 5. Significant events, contributions Explain how Sparta and Athens differed Athens *Athens glorified the individual and extended political rights to more citizens *destined to be the greatest Greek city, had been a monarchy in its early period. *Then it became a plutocracy (a government in which wealth was the criterion for holding office) *Finally a bases for democracy was established • Conflict between the rich and poor solved with good reforms in government which created a democracy! 1. Solon Improved the economy (abolition of all debts/mortgages of the oppressed farmer class) Forbade enslavement for debt. He increased trade and industry by offering Athenian citizenship to skilled artisans who would settle in Greece. All citizens vote on issues A New Legal System 2. Cleisthenes Created Athenian Assembly and Council of Five Hundred – members were chosen by lot from among all citizens over the age of 30. It was a legislature (lawmaking body that debate laws). All male citizens were members of the assembly. Women in Athens no share in political life view that women must be guided by men significant public role in religion Sparta Sparta stressed military virtue/stern discipline *army-state *Dorians conquered Peloponnesus and built Sparta, a city-state *Conquered people were slaves called helots *Harsh laws – from childhood all prepared for a military state, sickly newborns were left to die. Children expected to be healthy and vigorous 1. Boys go to the army from age 7 - 30 2. Then in reserves for 30 more yrs All Spartans had to be healthy and required to exercise and strengthen their bodies. Wars 1. Persian Wars pgs 124-128 2. Peloponnesian War pg 128 Answer for both: a. who fought b. why fought c. who won and why d. What was the outcome/gains? Religion Religion was an important part of Greek life. The major buildings in each city were dedicated to gods/goddesses. The Greeks believed that the gods were responsible for the well being of their cities. According to Homer, 12 main gods/goddesses were thought to live on Mount Olympus, the tallest mountain in Greece. The Greeks held festivals to honor the gods/goddesses. The Olympic festival was the Olympic Games. It began in 776 B.C.E. The games lasted for 5 days. Games went on year after year for nearly 1200 years! Comedy and Tragedy Once a year, visitors streamed into the city of Athens to join local people attending plays and the outdoor theater. The theater, located on a hillside, could hold a crowd of 20,000. The plays lasted from dawn to dusk. Although spectators sat on uncomfortable stone benches, they stayed interested. Comedy & Tragedies were about subjects like: the lives of great leaders, warfare, education, government officials, wives/daughters of great men, outstanding generals/soldiers, nature, good/evil