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Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 15: Therapy
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview
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Insight Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Therapy and Critical Thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Introductory Definitions

Psychotherapy: techniques employed to
improve psychological functioning and
promote adjustment to life
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Three Major Approaches to Therapy:
 Insight (personal understanding)
 Behavior (maladaptive behaviors)
 Biomedical (mental illness and medical
treatments, such as drugs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy
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Psychoanalysis/
psychodynamic
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Cognitive
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
Humanistic
Group,
Family,
and
Marital
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
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Psychoanalysis:
Freudian therapy
designed to bring
unconscious conflicts
into consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic
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Five Major Techniques of
Psychoanalysis:
1.
Free association
Dream analysis
Analyzing resistance
Analyzing transference
Interpretation
2.
3.
4.
5.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
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Evaluation of psychoanalysis: Limited
applicability and lack of scientific credibility
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Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more
directive, and more modern form of
psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious
processes and current problems
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive

Cognitive Therapy: focuses on
faulty thinking and beliefs
Improvement comes from insight into
negative self-talk (unrealistic things a
person has been telling himself or herself)
 Cognitive Restructuring (process of
changing destructive thoughts or
inappropriate interpretations)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
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1.
2.
Two Major Cognitive Therapies:
Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior
Therapy (REBT)
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)

Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT): eliminates self-defeating beliefs
through rational examination
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)

Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:
confronts and changes behaviors
associated with destructive cognitions

Depressive Thinking Patterns:
 selective perception
 overgeneralization
 magnification
 all-or-nothing thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)

Evaluation of cognitive therapy:

Pro: Considerable success with a
range of problems

Con: Criticized for overemphasizing
rationality, ignoring unconscious
dynamics, minimizing importance of
the past, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Humanistic

Humanistic therapy:
Maximizes personal growth
through affective restructuring
(emotional readjustment)

Key assumption: People with problems
are suffering from a blockage or disruption
of their normal growth potential, which
leads to a defective self-concept.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Cont.)
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Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy:
emphasizes client’s natural tendency to
become healthy and productive
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Techniques include:
 Empathy
 Unconditional positive regard
 Genuineness
 Active listening
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Continued)
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Evaluation of humanistic therapy:
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Pro: Evidence for success

Con: Basic tenets, such as selfactualization, difficult to test scientifically
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Group, Family, and Marital Therapies

Group Therapy: a number of people meet
together to work toward
therapeutic goals

Family and Marital
Therapies: work to change
maladaptive family and couple
interaction patterns
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies

Behavior Therapy: group of techniques
based on learning principles used to
change maladaptive behaviors

Three foundations of behavior therapy:
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
 Observational learning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning

Systematic Desensitization:
gradual process of
extinguishing a learned fear
(or phobia) by working through
a hierarchy of fearful stimuli
while remaining relaxed
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning

Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning Techniques Used
to INCREASE Adaptive Behaviors:

Shaping--successive approximations of
target behavior are rewarded (includes
role-playing, behavior rehearsal,
assertiveness training)

Tokens: symbolic rewards used to
immediately reinforce desired behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Techniques
Used to DECREASE Maladaptive
Behaviors:

Extinction: withdrawal of attention

Punishment: adding or taking away
something (e.g., time-out)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Observational Learning

Modeling: watching and imitating models
that demonstrate desirable behaviors

Participant Modeling: combining live
modeling with direct and gradual practice
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies (Continued)

Evaluation of behavior therapies:

Pro: Strong evidence for success with a
wide range of problems

Con: Questioned and criticized for
generalizability and ethics
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies

Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological
interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or
alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders

Three forms of biomedical therapy:
 Psychopharmacology
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
 Psychosurgery
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies:
Psychopharmacology

Four major categories of drugs:
•
Antianxiety (increases relaxation,
reduces anxiety and muscle tension)
Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations
and other symptoms of psychosis)
Mood Stabilizer (treats manic
episodes and depression)
Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression)
•
•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychopharmacology—
How Antidepressants Work
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies (Continued)

Electroconvulsive Therapy: based on
passing electrical current through the brain
and used when other methods have not
been successful

Psychosurgery: operative procedures on
the brain designed to relieve severe mental
symptoms that have not responded to
other forms of treatment
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking

Therapy Essentials--Five Common Goals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Gender and Cultural Diversity
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Cultural Similarities in Therapy:
naming a problem
qualities of the therapist
establishing credibility
placing the problems in a familiar framework
applying techniques to bring relief
a special time and place
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.)

Cultural Differences:

Therapies in individualistic cultures
emphasize independence, the self, and
control over one’s life.

Therapies in collectivist cultures
emphasize interdependence.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.)

Key considerations for women and therapy:
1.
Higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of
mental disorders
Stresses of poverty
Stresses of multiple roles
Stresses of aging
Violence against women
2.
3.
4.
5.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Institutionalization

Institutionalization—
Criteria for involuntary commitment:
–
Dangerous to self or others
Believed to be in serious need of
treatment
No reasonable alternatives
–
–
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Institutionalization (Continued)

Deinstitutionalization: discharging as many
people as possible from state hospitals
and discouraging admissions
•
Community services such as community
mental health (CMH) centers work to
cope with the problems of
deinstitutionalization.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Evaluating and Finding Therapy

Forty to 90 % who receive
therapy are better off than
people who do not.

Guidelines for Finding a Therapist:
Take time to “shop around.”
If in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college counselin
centers.
•
•
•
If others’ problems affect you, get help yourself.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 15:
Therapy
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)