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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 15: Therapy
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview
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Insight Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Therapy and Critical Thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Introductory Definitions
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Psychotherapy: techniques employed to
improve psychological functioning and
promote adjustment to life
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Three Major Approaches to Therapy:
 Insight (personal understanding)
 Behavior (maladaptive behaviors)
 Biomedical (mental illness and medical
treatments, such as drugs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy
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Psychoanalysis/
psychodynamic
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Cognitive
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Humanistic
Group,
Family,
and
Marital
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
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Psychoanalysis:
Freudian therapy
designed to bring
unconscious conflicts
into consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic
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Five Major Techniques of
Psychoanalysis:
1.
Free association
Dream analysis
Analyzing resistance
Analyzing transference
Interpretation
2.
3.
4.
5.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
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Evaluation of psychoanalysis: Limited
applicability and lack of scientific credibility
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Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more
directive, and more modern form of
psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious
processes and current problems
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive
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Cognitive Therapy: focuses on
faulty thinking and beliefs
Improvement comes from insight into
negative self-talk (unrealistic things a
person has been telling himself or herself)
 Cognitive Restructuring (process of
changing destructive thoughts or
inappropriate interpretations)
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
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1.
2.
Two Major Cognitive Therapies:
Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior
Therapy (REBT)
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
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Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT): eliminates self-defeating beliefs
through rational examination
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
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Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:
confronts and changes behaviors
associated with destructive cognitions
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Depressive Thinking Patterns:
 selective perception
 overgeneralization
 magnification
 all-or-nothing thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
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Evaluation of cognitive therapy:
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Pro: Considerable success with a
range of problems
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Con: Criticized for overemphasizing
rationality, ignoring unconscious
dynamics, minimizing importance of
the past, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Humanistic
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Humanistic therapy:
Maximizes personal growth
through affective restructuring
(emotional readjustment)
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Key assumption: People with problems
are suffering from a blockage or disruption
of their normal growth potential, which
leads to a defective self-concept.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Cont.)
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Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy:
emphasizes client’s natural tendency to
become healthy and productive
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Techniques include:
 Empathy
 Unconditional positive regard
 Genuineness
 Active listening
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Continued)
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Evaluation of humanistic therapy:
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Pro: Evidence for success
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Con: Basic tenets, such as selfactualization, difficult to test scientifically
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Insight Therapies:
Group, Family, and Marital Therapies
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Group Therapy: a number of people meet
together to work toward
therapeutic goals
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Family and Marital
Therapies: work to change
maladaptive family and couple
interaction patterns
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies
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Behavior Therapy: group of techniques
based on learning principles used to
change maladaptive behaviors
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Three foundations of behavior therapy:
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
 Observational learning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning
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Systematic Desensitization:
gradual process of
extinguishing a learned fear
(or phobia) by working through
a hierarchy of fearful stimuli
while remaining relaxed
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning
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Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning Techniques Used
to INCREASE Adaptive Behaviors:
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Shaping--successive approximations of
target behavior are rewarded (includes
role-playing, behavior rehearsal,
assertiveness training)
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Tokens: symbolic rewards used to
immediately reinforce desired behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning Techniques
Used to DECREASE Maladaptive
Behaviors:
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Extinction: withdrawal of attention
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Punishment: adding or taking away
something (e.g., time-out)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies:
Observational Learning
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Modeling: watching and imitating models
that demonstrate desirable behaviors
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Participant Modeling: combining live
modeling with direct and gradual practice
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Behavior Therapies (Continued)
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Evaluation of behavior therapies:
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Pro: Strong evidence for success with a
wide range of problems
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Con: Questioned and criticized for
generalizability and ethics
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies
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Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological
interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or
alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders
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Three forms of biomedical therapy:
 Psychopharmacology
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
 Psychosurgery
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies:
Psychopharmacology
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Four major categories of drugs:
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Antianxiety (increases relaxation,
reduces anxiety and muscle tension)
Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations
and other symptoms of psychosis)
Mood Stabilizer (treats manic
episodes and depression)
Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression)
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•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychopharmacology—
How Antidepressants Work
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Biomedical Therapies (Continued)
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Electroconvulsive Therapy: based on
passing electrical current through the brain
and used when other methods have not
been successful
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Psychosurgery: operative procedures on
the brain designed to relieve severe mental
symptoms that have not responded to
other forms of treatment
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking
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Therapy Essentials--Five Common Goals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Gender and Cultural Diversity
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Cultural Similarities in Therapy:
naming a problem
qualities of the therapist
establishing credibility
placing the problems in a familiar framework
applying techniques to bring relief
a special time and place
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.)
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Cultural Differences:
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Therapies in individualistic cultures
emphasize independence, the self, and
control over one’s life.
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Therapies in collectivist cultures
emphasize interdependence.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.)
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Key considerations for women and therapy:
1.
Higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of
mental disorders
Stresses of poverty
Stresses of multiple roles
Stresses of aging
Violence against women
2.
3.
4.
5.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Institutionalization
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Institutionalization—
Criteria for involuntary commitment:
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Dangerous to self or others
Believed to be in serious need of
treatment
No reasonable alternatives
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–
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Institutionalization (Continued)
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Deinstitutionalization: discharging as many
people as possible from state hospitals
and discouraging admissions
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Community services such as community
mental health (CMH) centers work to
cope with the problems of
deinstitutionalization.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Therapy and Critical Thinking:
Evaluating and Finding Therapy
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Forty to 90 % who receive
therapy are better off than
people who do not.
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Guidelines for Finding a Therapist:
Take time to “shop around.”
If in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college counselin
centers.
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•
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If others’ problems affect you, get help yourself.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 15:
Therapy
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)