Download camouflage

 Most
of a plant’s food is made in its leaves
 Leaves
 Protect
are organs made of cells and tissues
the plant
 Lets
air in and out through openings called
stomata
 Carry
food and water through plant
 Process
that plants and some other organisms
use to make sugar for food
 Carbon
dioxide and water are used to make
sugar and oxygen
 Plants
are a major source of oxygen in the
atmosphere
 Carbon
dioxide + water+ sunlight oxygen
+sugar
 Sugar
 Plants
 Sugar
is moved to all cells of the plant
cans store sugar long term as starch
is more than just energy; they can also
combine to form cellulose which makes up
the strong cell wall of the plant
 Happens
in the chloroplasts in leaves
 Chlorophyll
captures energy in sunlight and
uses it to make food
 Chlorophyll
gives plants their green color
 Grow
deep in soil
 Tiny
hairs on roots take in water and
minerals from the soil
 Anchor
the plant so it doesn’t get knocked
over or blown away
 Store
extra food
 Plant
organs that contain bundles of hollow
tubes
 Xylem
tubes carry water and dissolved
materials upward from roots to all parts of
the plant
 Phloem
tubes carry sugars downward from
the leaves to rest of plant
 Support plant and hold its leaves up
 Plant’s
reproductive organ
 Most
flowers have both female and male
parts in one flower
 Some
parts
flowers only have female or only male

Reproduce: make more organisms of the same
kind

Asexual reproduction: only one parent is
involved and offspring are exactly the same as
parent


Example: potato is a tuber- underground stem that
grows part of another potato
Sexual reproduction: two cells join together to
produce a new organism

Two parents needed and offspring not identical to the
parents
 Stamen:
 Stigma:
male flower part
sticky place where pollen grains land
 Ovary:
Holds the ovule
 Petals:
Attracts insects
 Pistil:
Female flower part
 Anther:
produces pollen grains
 Ovule:
produces female sex cells
 Pollen
grains: contains male sex cells
 Fertilization:
joining of the male cell and
female cell in plants
 Pollination:
male cells have to find a way to
get to the female cells
 Two


ways a plant can be pollinated:
Self-pollination: the pollen from plant fertilizes
the female cells in in the ovule of same plant
Cross- pollination: the pollen from one plant
fertilizes the female cells in ovule of a different
plant
 Animals

that help in pollination
Insects, birds, bats
 Go
to flower for nectar- sugary water
produced by flower- and become covered
with pollen and go from flower to flower

Most plants produce seeds
Angiosperm: ovary of the flower forms fruit around
the seed
 Gymnosperm: have no fruit at all


Seed: contains young plant and a food supply
that will feed it until it can make its own food

Mosses and ferns reproduce by forming spores

Spores: single cell that grow into new plant
 Life
cycle: all stages of growth and
development
 Germinate:
 Seedling:
 Fruit:
begin growing
sprouted seed
contains and protects seeds

Plants have many different types of roots,
stems, and leaves

Differences allow plants to survive in different
environments

Examples:
cactus has very deep roots to get water deep below
the surface, they have sharp thorns to prevent them
from being eaten by animals
 Some plants have broad, flat leaves to catch as much
sunlight as possible
 Many plants that grow in dry areas have waxy leaves
to prevent loss of water

 Ways
that plants change their direction of
growth in response to the environment
 Gravitropism:
roots grow downward in
direction of gravity pulls and stems grow
upward against pull of gravity
 Phototropism:
plant’s reaction to source of
light

Grows toward light

Ecosystem: living and nonliving parts of an
environment in a particular area

Ecology: study of how the living and nonliving
parts of ecosystems work together

Species: a group of organisms that can reproduce
to produce offspring like themselves

Population: all the members of a species that
live together in the same place at the same time
 Community:
all the populations living in the
same ecosystem at the same time
 Terrestrial
Ecosystems: found on land;
forests, deserts, and grasslands
 Aquatic
Ecosystems: freshwater and
saltwater
 Freshwater
ecosystems: lakes, ponds, rivers,
streams, marshes, and swamps
 Saltwater
ecosystems: found in oceans; coral
reefs and kelp forests
 Habitats:
 Niche:
place where organism lives
organism’s job
 Producers:

make their own food
Plants, algae, and some single-celled organisms
 Consumers:
get energy by eating other
organisms; cannot make own food

Most animals
 Decomposers:
get energy by breaking down
or decomposing the remains of dead
organisms

Bacteria and fungi
 Food
chain: shows how food energy moves
from one organism to another
 Food
web: a network of food chains that
shows how food energy moves through a
community
 Energy
pyramid: shows how much energy is
available to organisms at each level of a food
web
 Predator: organism hunting another organism
 Prey: organism being hunted
 Factors
in the environment that cause a
change in behavior
 All
living organisms respond to external and
internal stimuli
 External
 Internal
stimuli: come from the environment
stimuli: come from within an
organism’s body
 Adaptation:
any characteristic that helps an
animal stay alive in its environment
 Physical
adaptations: body parts that help an
animal survive


Example: polar bears have white fur as
camouflage to blend in with their environment
Viceroy Butterflies look very similar to Monarch
butterflies, which taste bitter and birds don’t
like them- if birds can’t tell them apart the
Viceroy butterflies are saved. This is mimicrywhen one species copies, or mimics another
species as defense against predators

Behavioral adaptations: ways in which organisms
act in response to their environment


Learned adaptation: taught to the young by
parents


Learned or instinctive
Bears teach young to catch fish
Instinctive adaptations: does not have to be
learned; they are born with the instinct
Hibernation – period of very low activity (almost like
sleeping) during the winter
 Migration- seasonal movements

 Natural
changes: temperature, rainfall, soil
conditions
 Some
can be rapid and destructive: volcanic
eruptions, floods, fires, hurricanes,
tornadoes, droughts, and landslides
 Human
activities: mining, construction,
pollution
 Fossils:
remains of dead organisms preserved
in rock
 Tell
us about ancient habitats
 Extinction:
loss of the last member of a
species
 Causes:




Loss of habitat
Overhunting
Invasive species (introduced species)- species
brought into an ecosystem from another part of
the world
Climate change