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Biosphere  This is the sum of all
the planet’s
ecosystems and
landscape
 How
regional
exchange influences
the distributions
across biosphere


Focuses on the factors
controlling exchanges
of energy, materials,
and organisms across
multiple ecosystems
Focuses on factors
controlling exchanges
of energy and
materials along
multiple ecosystems
 The
community of
organisms in the area
and the physical
factors with which the
organisms interact.
 Emphasis
on energy
flow and chemical
cycling
A
group of
populations of
different species in
an area
 Interactions
between
species – and how
that affects
community structure
 Group
of individuals
of the same species
in the same area
 Factors
that affect
population size, how
and why populations
change over time
 How
an organism’s
structure, physiology,
and behavior meet
the challenges posed
by its environment
How large bodies of water and mountains affect climate
Abiotic factors – nonliving factors, chemicals, temperature, light,
water, nutrients,
Biotic factors – living factors, other organisms
 Biomes
– major life zone classifications
characterized by vegetation type and
physical environment
 Dispersal
– movement of individuals or
gametes away from their area of origin or
from centers of high population density
 Population
– group of individuals of a
single species living in the same general
area
 Density
- # of individuals (volume)
 Dispersion
individuals
– pattern spacing of
 Mark- recapture method
• Capture, tag, release random sample
• Second capture
•
•
•
•
Sample 1: s
Sample 2: n
Marked: x
Pop. Size N
• N=
𝑠𝑛
𝑥
 First
sampling: 180
 Second sampling: 44
 7 had already been
tagged
 What's
size?
the population
 Study
of population statistics, and how
populations change over time
N
= population size
 t = time
 ∆N = change in population size
 ∆t = time interval
 B = births
 D = deaths
 K = carrying capacity
 rmax = max growth rate per capita
dN 
r
N
max
dt
(K  N)
dN
 rmax N
dt
K
K
– selection
R
– selection
 Finish
Ecology
 Activity
 Prepare
for exam! 
 Density
independent factors
• A factor that may restrict population growth
regardless of the current population
 Natural disasters
 Drought
 Density
dependent factors
• A factor that depends upon the current population
 Competition
 Predation
 Disease (crowding of individuals)
 Estimates
of carrying capacity
• Habitable land
• Limiting factors (food, water, etc)
• Ecological footprint
 Interspecific
interactions
• Interspecific competition (-/-)
• Herbivory (+/-)
• Predation (+/-)
 Cryptic coloration (camouflage)
 Aposematic coloration (warning coloration)
 Batesian mimicry – a palatable or harmless species mimics
an unpalatable or harmful one
 Mullerian mimicry – 2 unpalatable or harmful species
resemble each other
 Parasitism
(+/-)
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Facilitation
(+/o)
(+/+)
(+/+) (+/o)
 Dominant
species
• The most abundant or that collectively have the
highest biomass in the area.
• Hypothesis is they are competitively superior
• Hypothesis they resist avoiding predation
•
 Keystone
species
• Not abundant in a community
• Exert a strong control in a community not
because of #, but because of their ecological
roles
•
 Sea
otter
• Sea otters feed on sea urchins
• Sea urchins feed on kelp
• Orcas now prey on sea otters (usual prey has
declined)
 Sea
star
 Muscles
 Species diversity
 Primary
succession – first organisms to
colonize an area
 Secondary
Succession
 Secondary
Succession
 Law
of conservation of mass
 Mass
is conserved – we can determine
how much of a chemical element cycles
within an ecosystem or is gained or lost
by the ecosystem over time
 Gross
primary production – amount of
light converted into chemical energy
 Net
primary production – GPP – energy
used by primary producers
 NPP
= GPP – Ra
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 100%
=
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Biological
importance
Essential to
Makes Organic
all organisms, compounds
Amino acids,
nucleic acids
Nucleic acids,
phospholipids,
ATP
Forms
available to
life
Liquid
Photosynthetic
organisms
convert
Plants can
assimilate
Plants absorb
Reservoirs
1% available
for
consumption
Fossil fuels,
soil, sediment
Atmosphere
80%
Sedimentary
rock, marine
origin
Key
processes
Evaporation
via solar
energy,
condensation
into clouds,
precipitation
Photosynthesis
Nitrogen
fixation –
conversion of
N2 into forms
that can be
used by others
Weathering
rock, some
leaches into
soil – taken up
by consumers
3
1.
2.
3.
levels of biodiversity
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
 Genetic
variation within a population
AND
 Genetic
variation between populations
 Endangered
 Threatened
 Local
extinction of one organism can
have a negative impact because of all the
interactions between organisms within an
ecosystem
 Habitat
loss
 Introduced species (non-native)
 Overharvesting (wild organisms)
 Global change
 Fragmentation
and edges
 Movement corridors
 Preserving biodiversity hot spots
 Nutrient
enrichment
 Toxins
in environment
• Biological magnification
• DDT
 Greenhouse
and climate