Download Chapter 14

Chapter 14
Psychological Disorders
Figure 14.F01: Prevalance of Psychological Disorders among U.S. Adult Population
Data from Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R.,
Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and
age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national
comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,
62(6), 593–602. oi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Figure 14.F02: The biopsychosocial approach stresses the importance of examining all
three factors that might contribute to a psychological disorder.
Figure 14.F03: A person who is suffering from a psychological disorder exhibits
maladaptive behavior, statistically deviant behavior, and behavior causing significant
distress.
Figure 14.F04: St. Elizabeth's Psychiatric Hospital, in Washington, D.C., was one of the
sites of the Roesnhan Pseudopatient Study
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints &
Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-104691]
Figure 14.F05: Example of the Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis
Figure 14.F06: The reciprocal gene-environment model suggests a feedback loop
between stress and diathesis.
Figure 14.F07: Prevelance of Anxiety Disorders among U.S. Adult Population
Data from Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R.,
Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and
age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national
comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,
62(6), 593–602. oi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Figure 14.F08: Because crowded shopping centers wouldn’t be a good place to have a
panic attack, people with agoraphobia avoid them.
© Sculpies/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.F09: Prevelance of the Most Common Specific Phobias among U.S. Adult
Population
Data from Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A., and Weissman, M. M.
"Panic and Phobia." In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. L. N. Robins and D. A.
Regier, 155-179. Simon and Schuster, 1991.
Figure 14.F10: Prevalence of social phobias among U.S. adult population.
Data from Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A., and Weissman, M. M.
"Panic and Phobia." In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. L. N. Robins and D. A.
Regier, 155-179. Simon and Schuster, 1991.
Figure 14.F11: Prevalence of phobias among U.S. adult population.
Data from Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A., and Weissman, M. M.
"Panic and Phobia." In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. L. N. Robins and D. A.
Regier, 155-179. Simon and Schuster, 1991.
Figure 14.F12: Percentage of common obsessions among U.S. adult population who
have obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Data from Rapoport. J. L. (1989, March). The biology
of obsessions and compulsions. Scientific American,
pp. 83–98.
Figure 14.F13: Percentage of common compulsions among U.S. adult population who
have obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Data from Rapoport. J. L. (1989, March). The biology
of obsessions and compulsions. Scientific American,
pp. 83–98.
Figure 14.F14: Limbic system structures such as the hypothalamus and thalamus may
be involved with OCD.
Figure 14.F15: Neutotransmitters such as GABA have been implicated in OCD.
Adapted from Ben Mills and Ephemeronium
Figure 14.F16: Anxious people attributed harmful meanings to the middle statement.
Non-anxious people attributed benign meanings to the same statement.
Adapted from Eysenck, M. W., Mogg, K., May, J., Richards, A., &
Mathews, A. (1991). Bias in interpretation of ambiguous
sentences related to threat in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 100(2), 144–150. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.144
Figure 14.F17: The risk of bipolar disorder increases with genetic relatedness.
Adapted from Gottesman, I. I. (1990).
Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness
(1st ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
Figure 14.F18: Enlarged brain ventricles are often present in people with
schizophrenia.
© Mikhail Basov/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.F19: Dr. Fallon studies brain images in people with antisocial personality
disorder.
© Daniel Anderson and courtesy of Dr. James Fallon
© AbleStock, © Geotrac/Dreamstime.com, ©
Pixtal/age fotostock, © Bryoni Castelijn/ShutterStock,
Inc., © dundanim/ShutterStock, Inc., © Martin
Novak/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.VO
Table 14.T01: Multiaxial Assessment: Axis Categories and Descriptions
Table 14.T02: Sample DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Axis Diagnosis
Table 14.T03: DSM-IV-TR : Key Diagnostic Categories
Table 14.T05: Somatoform Disorders
Adapted from American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric
Publishing, 2000.
Table 14.T06: Dissociative Disorders
Adapted from American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric
Publishing, 2000.
Table 14.T07: Mood Disorders
Adapted from American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric
Publishing, 2000.
Table 14.T08: Major Symptoms of Depression
Adapted from American Psychiatric
Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American
Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.
Table 14.T09: Psychotic Disorders
Table 14.T10: Personality Disorders
Adapted from American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric
Publishing, 2000.
Table 14.T11: Borderline Personality Disorders
Adapted from American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:
DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.
Figure 14.UN01: If a person lines up her fries before she eats them, it might be
unusual, but it’s not likely to be a disorder.
© Ingram Publishing/age fotostock
Figure 14.UN02: Someone whose behavior varies from the norm does not necessarily
have a disorder.
© Oleg Seleznev/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.UN03: Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by worry.
© Jason Stitt/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN04: A panic attack is a period of intense fear and discomfort.
© Geotrac/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.UN05: Snakes are a common specific phobia.
© Mircea BEZERGHEANU/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN06: Public speaking is a common social phobia.
© Jonathan Souza/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.UN07: Did you lock your car today?
© sommthink/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN08: The fear of fire caused by an unattended flame is an example of a
fear associated with obsession.
© Valeev/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN09: Hand washing is a common compulsion.
© Muriel Lasure/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN10: Traumas include witnessing harm or injury.
© Kileman/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.UN11: In a somatization disorder, the focus is on the physical symptoms
rather than a disease.
© Pixtal/age fotostock
Figure 14.UN12: Physical symptoms can sometimes be somatoform disorders.
© Robert Kneschke/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN13: Numbness in just the hand can be a sign of a conversion disorder.
© Jose Gil/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.UN14: Forgetfulness in dissociative amnesia is greater than normal
forgetfulness.
© Lyn Baxter/Dreamstime.com
Figure 14.UN15: Although sadness is a symptom of major depressive disorder, one can
meet the criteria for depression without being sad.
© DNF-Style Photography/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 14.UN16: Excessive involvement in risky behaviors, such as excessive shopping
can, be a sign of mania.
© Andrey Kiselev/Dreamstime.com