Download Dr. Manassa Thomas Pope was able to receive a voter registration

A House Reunited
Reconstruction
USII.3a, 3b
Quick review
amendments
_____ 13th Amendment
_____ 14th Amendment
_____ 15th Amendment
a. Ensures all citizen the right to
vote
b. Bans slavery
c. Grants citizenship to
persons born in U.S. and
guarantees them equal
protection under the law
Quick review
famous americans
_____ Abraham Lincoln
a. Abolitionist who fought for
constitutional amendments
that guaranteed voting rights
_____ Robert. E Lee
b. Wanted reconciliation and to
preserve the Union, not punish
the South
_____ Frederick Douglass c. Urged Southerners to reconcile
and reunite as Americans
The War ends! Time to
rebuild
The end of the Civil War
brought an end to the
Confederacy. Now it was
time to reunite the once
divided nation into one
country again. This time of
rebuilding
was
called
Reconstruction.
Political
leaders disagreed on how to
treat the Confederate states
that
had
unsuccessfully
fought
for
their
independence.
A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham
Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work
Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson):
Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than
ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good
old Union will be mended.
The War ends! Time to
rebuild
The end of the Civil War
brought an end to the
Confederacy. Now it was time
to reunite the once divided
nation into one country again.
This time of rebuilding was
called Reconstruction. Political
leaders disagreed on how to
treat the Confederate states that
had unsuccessfully fought for
their independence.
Big
Ideas
• Reconstruction—
time of rebuilding
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee, the
leader of the Army of
Northern Virginia who later
became the president of
Washington
College
(present-day
Washington
and Lee University), urged
Southerners to reconcile at
the end of the war and
reunite as Americans when
some wanted to continue the
fight.
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee, the leader of
the Army of Northern Virginia
who later became the president
of
Washington
College
(present-day Washington and
Lee
University),
urged
Southerners to reconcile at the
end of the war and reunite as
Americans when some wanted
to continue the fight.
Big
Ideas
• Lee
– Urged South to
reconcile and
reunite
– Became president
of Washington
College after war
Abraham Lincoln
Before the end of the war, Abraham Lincoln was elected to a second term as
President. The President knew his most challenging task would be to reunite the
country. His plan called for reconciliation. Let the nation rebuild and move forward.
Lincoln did not believe the South should be punished for the war; he wanted to
bring the country back together as peacefully and as quickly as possible.
Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South. Lincoln
spoke of his Reconstruction plan in his second inaugural address on March 4,
1865.
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind
up the nation’s wounds . . .”
Abraham Lincoln
Before the end of the war, Abraham
Lincoln was elected to a second term as
President. The President knew his most
challenging task would be to reunite the
country. His plan called for reconciliation.
Let the nation rebuild and move forward.
Lincoln did not believe the South should
be punished for the war; he wanted to
bring the country back together as
peacefully and as quickly as possible.
Preservation of the Union was more
important than punishing the South.
Lincoln spoke of his Reconstruction plan in
his second inaugural address on March 4,
1865.
Big
Ideas
• Lincoln
– Reconciliation
– Preserve Union
– No punishment for
the South
LincoLn’s pLan for
reconstruction
• Lincoln wanted to welcome back
the southerners into the Union.
• Even though Lincoln had freed
the slaves, he did not wish to
achieve political equality for
them.
• Goal was “to bind up the nations
wounds…”
• He never gets that chance…
Abraham Lincoln
The President’s plans
were cut short when he was
tragically murdered on April 14,
1865, just five days after Lee’s
surrender.
Lincoln’s death
rocked the nation. Northerners
had lost the leader who had
saved the Union. Southerners
had lost the leader who had
promised an easy peace.
Abraham Lincoln
The President’s plans were cut short
when he was tragically murdered on April
14, 1865, just five days after Lee’s
surrender. Lincoln’s death rocked the
nation. Northerners had lost the leader
who had saved the Union. Southerners
had lost the leader who had promised an
easy peace.
Big
Ideas
• Lincoln
– Plan ends with his
death
Thirteenth
amendment
Upon Lincoln’s death, Vice President Andrew Johnson became
President. Johnson returned the rights of citizenship to most Confederates
who pledged loyalty to the United States. Their states held elections, and
state governments went back to work as usual.
Johnson also required former Confederate states to abolish slavery
before they could rejoin the Union. The Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution was ratified in December 1865. It banned slavery in the United
States and any of its territories.
Thirteenth
amendment
Upon Lincoln’s death, Vice President
Andrew Johnson became President.
Johnson returned the rights of citizenship
to most Confederates who pledged loyalty
to the United States. Their states held
elections, and state governments went
back to work as usual.
Johnson
also
required
former
Confederate states to abolish slavery
before they could rejoin the Union. The
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution
was ratified in December 1865. It banned
slavery in the United States and any of its
territories.
Big
Ideas
• 13th Amendment
– Bans slavery in
U.S. and its
territories
Johnson’s pLan*
• Pardons would be granted to those
taking a loyalty oath
• No pardons would be available to high
Confederate officials and persons
owning property valued in excess of
$20,000
• A state needed to abolish slavery
before being readmitted
• A state was required to repeal its
secession ordinance before being
readmitted.
* Johnson’s reconstruction plan is
ridiculed by Radical Republicans as
being too easy on the former Rebels.
Same old, same old?
Many Northerners were angry that the Southern states could rejoin
the Union so easily. They felt the Confederates should be punished for
their part in the war. White Southerners were again being elected to
office and running state governments. However, few people talked about
the rights of former enslaved African Americans.
Black codes
Before long the newly
elected state legislatures in the
South passed laws to limit the
rights of the former slaves.
These Black Codes were in
reaction to the abolition of slavery
and the South's defeat in the Civil
War. They were different from
state to state. However, in most
states former slaves were not
allowed to vote. In some they
were not allowed to travel freely.
They could not own certain kinds
of property or work in certain
businesses.
They could be
forced to work without pay if they
could not find other jobs.
running
for
political
office
voting
Black
Codes
kept
Freedmen
from . . .
traveling
freely
serving on
juries
Civil rights act of 1866
African Americans gained equal
rights as a result of the Civil Rights
Act of 1866. It was one of the most
important actions by Congress
towards protecting the rights of
Freedmen during Reconstruction.
The act, which authorized the use of
federal troops for its enforcement,
declared that "all persons born in the
United States not subject to any
foreign power, excluding Indians not
taxed," were citizens of the United
States. Such citizens were "of every
race and color" and "without regard to
any previous condition of slavery or
involuntary servitude."
Black Men Voting
This 1867 sketch by Alfred R. Waud
depicts blacks voting freely in the first
open elections in the South. The Civil
Rights Act of 1866 had mandated
these rights.
Civil rights act of 1866
African Americans also gained
equal rights as a result of the Civil
Rights Act of 1866. It was one of the
most important actions by Congress
towards protecting the rights of
Freedmen during Reconstruction. The
act, which authorized the use of
federal troops for its enforcement,
declared that "all persons born in the
United States not subject to any
foreign power, excluding Indians not
taxed," were citizens of the United
States. Such citizens were "of every
race and color" and "without regard to
any previous condition of slavery or
involuntary servitude."
Big
Ideas
• Reconstruction policies
– Civil Rights Act of 1866
• African Americans
gained equal rights
• Allowed use of
federal troops to
enforce
Fourteenth amendment
To return to the Union, a
state also had to approve the
Fourteenth Amendment that
granted citizenship to all persons
born in the United States, except
Native Americans, and those
who would later become citizens,
guaranteeing all citizens equal
protection under the law.
As the Southern states
began to write new state
constitutions and approve the
Fourteenth Amendment, new
elections were held. For the first
time African Americans began to
hold office.
AMENDMENT XIV
Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State
wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall
any State deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
Fourteenth amendment
To return to the Union, a state
also had to approve the Fourteenth
Amendment that granted citizenship to
all persons born in the United States,
except Native Americans, and those
who would later become citizens,
guaranteeing
all
citizens
equal
protection under the law.
As the Southern states began to
write new state constitutions and
approve the Fourteenth Amendment,
new elections were held. For the first
time African Americans began to hold
office.
Big
Ideas
• 14th Amendment
– Grants citizenship to all
born in U.S. and
guarantees equal
protection
• Reconstruction
policies
– African Americans
could hold public office.
Military rule in the south
Congress replaced the President’s Reconstruction plan when they
saw the move to limit the rights of former slaves by Southern
legislatures. As part of its plan, Congress did away with the new state
governments and put the Southern states under military rule. The South
was divided into five military districts where Union soldiers kept order,
and army officers were appointed to be governors. Southern military
leaders were not allowed to hold office or to vote. Before any Southern
state could reestablish its state government, it had to write a new state
constitution giving all men, both black and white, the right to vote.
Military rule in the south
Congress replaced the President’s
Reconstruction plan when they saw the
move to limit the rights of former slaves by
Southern legislatures. As part of its plan,
Congress did away with the new state
governments and put the Southern states
under military rule. The South was divided
into five military districts where Union
soldiers kept order, and army officers were
appointed to be governors.
Southern
military leaders were not allowed to hold
office or to vote. Before any Southern state
could reestablish its state government, it
had to write a new state constitution giving
all men, both black and white, the right to
vote.
Big
Ideas
• Reconstruction
policies
– South under Northern
military rule
– Southern military
leaders could not hold
office.
Let’s review
•
•
After Lincoln's death, President Johnson proceeded to reconstruct the former
Confederate States while Congress was not in session in 1865. He pardoned all
who would take an oath of allegiance, but required Confederate leaders and men
of wealth to obtain special Presidential pardons.
By the time Congress met in December 1865, most southern states were
reconstructed, slavery was being abolished, but "black codes" to regulate the
freedmen were beginning to appear.
Let’s review
•
•
•
The Radical Republicans were a loose
faction of American politicians within the
Republican Party from about 1854
(before the war) until the end of
Reconstruction in 1877.
The Radical Republicans had been
opposed to slavery during the war, and
after the war supported equal rights for
Freedmen (the newly freed slaves), such
as measures ensuring the right to vote;
passage of the Reconstruction Acts, and
harsh treatment of former confederates.
Radical Republicans in Congress moved
strongly to change Johnson's plan. They
gained the support of northerners who
were troubled to see Southerners
keeping many prewar leaders and
passing Black Codes to restrict the rights
of the newly freed slaves.
Let’s review
•
The Radicals' first step was to refuse to
seat any Senator or Representative from
the old Confederacy. Next they passed
measures dealing with the former slaves.
Johnson vetoed the legislation. The
Radicals mustered enough votes in
Congress to pass legislation over his veto-the first time that Congress had
overridden a President on an important
bill. They passed the Civil Rights Act of
1866, which established blacks as
American
citizens
and
forbade
discrimination against them.
Let’s review
•
•
•
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act
of 1866, which established Negroes as
American
citizens
and
forbade
discrimination against them.
A few months later Congress
submitted to the states the Fourteenth
Amendment, which specified that no
state should "deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law."
In March 1867, the Radicals effected
their own plan of Reconstruction, again
placing southern states under military
rule.
Fifteenth amendment
Congress then proposed
the Fifteenth Amendment to
the Constitution. It ensured
all citizens the right to vote
regardless of “race, color, or
previous
condition
of
servitude.” This Amendment
was ratified in 1870 and
designed to extend voting
rights and enforce them by
law.
Article XV.
Section 1. The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of
race, color, or previous condition of
servitude—
Section 2. The Congress shall have
the power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
Fifteenth amendment
Congress then proposed
the Fifteenth Amendment to the
Constitution.
It ensured all
citizens the right to vote
regardless of “race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.”
This Amendment was ratified in
1870 and designed to extend
voting rights and enforce them
by law.
Big
Ideas
• 15th Amendment
– Ensures ALL citizens
the right to vote
Frederick douglass
Frederick Douglass, a former abolitionist who fought to end
slavery before the war, fought for the adoption of constitutional
amendments that guaranteed voting rights. He became a
powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.
Frederick douglass
Frederick
Douglass,
a
former abolitionist who fought to
end slavery before the war,
fought for the adoption of
constitutional amendments that
guaranteed voting rights. He
became a powerful voice for
human rights and civil liberties
for all.
Big
Ideas
• Douglass
– Fought for voting rights
amendments
– Voice for human rights
and civil rights
Grandfather clause
Although most Confederates accepted
their defeat and the abolition of slavery,
others were against equal rights for former
enslaved African Americans. They did not
want African Americans to vote or to hold
office, and they opposed the Reconstruction
governments. While the Constitution
guaranteed African Americans the right to
vote, new laws were put into effect to keep
them from voting in the South. One was
called
the
“grandfather
clause.”
Grandfather clauses required voters to have
ancestors who had voted before 1867,
which left out the former enslaved African
Americans. Laws were also made that said
people couldn’t vote if they couldn’t read or
write, which also included most former
slaves.
Freedmen Voting,
South Carolina (1868)
The obstacle Course
• In order to help poor, illiterate whites to
vote, a grandfather clause was passed.
•It stated that if a voter’s father or
grandfather was eligible to vote on
January 1, 1867, they did not have to
take a literacy test.
•This allowed whites to vote, but not
freedmen.
Dr. Manassa Thomas
Pope was able to receive
a voter registration card
because his parents had
been freed prior to 1867.
He was one of only seven
black voters in Raleigh
and one of 31 in all of
Wake County, NC.
The obstacle Course
The obstacle Course
• In a typical Alabama literacy test, Part "A"
required you to read out loud to the
registrar's satisfaction a section of the
Constitution (and in some cases verbally
interpret it to his satisfaction). You then
had to write out a section.
• After that, you were given Parts "B" and
"C" which were two sets of four written
questions that you had to answer. The
questions you will try to answer are
examples from workbooks that Citizenship
School teachers, such as the young
woman in the photo, used to teach
applicants what to expect when they went
down to the courthouse to register.