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A House Reunited Reconstruction USII.3a, 3b Quick review amendments _____ 13th Amendment _____ 14th Amendment _____ 15th Amendment a. Ensures all citizen the right to vote b. Bans slavery c. Grants citizenship to persons born in U.S. and guarantees them equal protection under the law Quick review famous americans _____ Abraham Lincoln a. Abolitionist who fought for constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights _____ Robert. E Lee b. Wanted reconciliation and to preserve the Union, not punish the South _____ Frederick Douglass c. Urged Southerners to reconcile and reunite as Americans The War ends! Time to rebuild The end of the Civil War brought an end to the Confederacy. Now it was time to reunite the once divided nation into one country again. This time of rebuilding was called Reconstruction. Political leaders disagreed on how to treat the Confederate states that had unsuccessfully fought for their independence. A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson): Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended. The War ends! Time to rebuild The end of the Civil War brought an end to the Confederacy. Now it was time to reunite the once divided nation into one country again. This time of rebuilding was called Reconstruction. Political leaders disagreed on how to treat the Confederate states that had unsuccessfully fought for their independence. Big Ideas • Reconstruction— time of rebuilding Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee, the leader of the Army of Northern Virginia who later became the president of Washington College (present-day Washington and Lee University), urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue the fight. Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee, the leader of the Army of Northern Virginia who later became the president of Washington College (present-day Washington and Lee University), urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue the fight. Big Ideas • Lee – Urged South to reconcile and reunite – Became president of Washington College after war Abraham Lincoln Before the end of the war, Abraham Lincoln was elected to a second term as President. The President knew his most challenging task would be to reunite the country. His plan called for reconciliation. Let the nation rebuild and move forward. Lincoln did not believe the South should be punished for the war; he wanted to bring the country back together as peacefully and as quickly as possible. Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South. Lincoln spoke of his Reconstruction plan in his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865. “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds . . .” Abraham Lincoln Before the end of the war, Abraham Lincoln was elected to a second term as President. The President knew his most challenging task would be to reunite the country. His plan called for reconciliation. Let the nation rebuild and move forward. Lincoln did not believe the South should be punished for the war; he wanted to bring the country back together as peacefully and as quickly as possible. Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South. Lincoln spoke of his Reconstruction plan in his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865. Big Ideas • Lincoln – Reconciliation – Preserve Union – No punishment for the South LincoLn’s pLan for reconstruction • Lincoln wanted to welcome back the southerners into the Union. • Even though Lincoln had freed the slaves, he did not wish to achieve political equality for them. • Goal was “to bind up the nations wounds…” • He never gets that chance… Abraham Lincoln The President’s plans were cut short when he was tragically murdered on April 14, 1865, just five days after Lee’s surrender. Lincoln’s death rocked the nation. Northerners had lost the leader who had saved the Union. Southerners had lost the leader who had promised an easy peace. Abraham Lincoln The President’s plans were cut short when he was tragically murdered on April 14, 1865, just five days after Lee’s surrender. Lincoln’s death rocked the nation. Northerners had lost the leader who had saved the Union. Southerners had lost the leader who had promised an easy peace. Big Ideas • Lincoln – Plan ends with his death Thirteenth amendment Upon Lincoln’s death, Vice President Andrew Johnson became President. Johnson returned the rights of citizenship to most Confederates who pledged loyalty to the United States. Their states held elections, and state governments went back to work as usual. Johnson also required former Confederate states to abolish slavery before they could rejoin the Union. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in December 1865. It banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. Thirteenth amendment Upon Lincoln’s death, Vice President Andrew Johnson became President. Johnson returned the rights of citizenship to most Confederates who pledged loyalty to the United States. Their states held elections, and state governments went back to work as usual. Johnson also required former Confederate states to abolish slavery before they could rejoin the Union. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in December 1865. It banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. Big Ideas • 13th Amendment – Bans slavery in U.S. and its territories Johnson’s pLan* • Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath • No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000 • A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted • A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted. * Johnson’s reconstruction plan is ridiculed by Radical Republicans as being too easy on the former Rebels. Same old, same old? Many Northerners were angry that the Southern states could rejoin the Union so easily. They felt the Confederates should be punished for their part in the war. White Southerners were again being elected to office and running state governments. However, few people talked about the rights of former enslaved African Americans. Black codes Before long the newly elected state legislatures in the South passed laws to limit the rights of the former slaves. These Black Codes were in reaction to the abolition of slavery and the South's defeat in the Civil War. They were different from state to state. However, in most states former slaves were not allowed to vote. In some they were not allowed to travel freely. They could not own certain kinds of property or work in certain businesses. They could be forced to work without pay if they could not find other jobs. running for political office voting Black Codes kept Freedmen from . . . traveling freely serving on juries Civil rights act of 1866 African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It was one of the most important actions by Congress towards protecting the rights of Freedmen during Reconstruction. The act, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement, declared that "all persons born in the United States not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed," were citizens of the United States. Such citizens were "of every race and color" and "without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude." Black Men Voting This 1867 sketch by Alfred R. Waud depicts blacks voting freely in the first open elections in the South. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had mandated these rights. Civil rights act of 1866 African Americans also gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It was one of the most important actions by Congress towards protecting the rights of Freedmen during Reconstruction. The act, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement, declared that "all persons born in the United States not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed," were citizens of the United States. Such citizens were "of every race and color" and "without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude." Big Ideas • Reconstruction policies – Civil Rights Act of 1866 • African Americans gained equal rights • Allowed use of federal troops to enforce Fourteenth amendment To return to the Union, a state also had to approve the Fourteenth Amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, except Native Americans, and those who would later become citizens, guaranteeing all citizens equal protection under the law. As the Southern states began to write new state constitutions and approve the Fourteenth Amendment, new elections were held. For the first time African Americans began to hold office. AMENDMENT XIV Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Fourteenth amendment To return to the Union, a state also had to approve the Fourteenth Amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, except Native Americans, and those who would later become citizens, guaranteeing all citizens equal protection under the law. As the Southern states began to write new state constitutions and approve the Fourteenth Amendment, new elections were held. For the first time African Americans began to hold office. Big Ideas • 14th Amendment – Grants citizenship to all born in U.S. and guarantees equal protection • Reconstruction policies – African Americans could hold public office. Military rule in the south Congress replaced the President’s Reconstruction plan when they saw the move to limit the rights of former slaves by Southern legislatures. As part of its plan, Congress did away with the new state governments and put the Southern states under military rule. The South was divided into five military districts where Union soldiers kept order, and army officers were appointed to be governors. Southern military leaders were not allowed to hold office or to vote. Before any Southern state could reestablish its state government, it had to write a new state constitution giving all men, both black and white, the right to vote. Military rule in the south Congress replaced the President’s Reconstruction plan when they saw the move to limit the rights of former slaves by Southern legislatures. As part of its plan, Congress did away with the new state governments and put the Southern states under military rule. The South was divided into five military districts where Union soldiers kept order, and army officers were appointed to be governors. Southern military leaders were not allowed to hold office or to vote. Before any Southern state could reestablish its state government, it had to write a new state constitution giving all men, both black and white, the right to vote. Big Ideas • Reconstruction policies – South under Northern military rule – Southern military leaders could not hold office. Let’s review • • After Lincoln's death, President Johnson proceeded to reconstruct the former Confederate States while Congress was not in session in 1865. He pardoned all who would take an oath of allegiance, but required Confederate leaders and men of wealth to obtain special Presidential pardons. By the time Congress met in December 1865, most southern states were reconstructed, slavery was being abolished, but "black codes" to regulate the freedmen were beginning to appear. Let’s review • • • The Radical Republicans were a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the war) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. The Radical Republicans had been opposed to slavery during the war, and after the war supported equal rights for Freedmen (the newly freed slaves), such as measures ensuring the right to vote; passage of the Reconstruction Acts, and harsh treatment of former confederates. Radical Republicans in Congress moved strongly to change Johnson's plan. They gained the support of northerners who were troubled to see Southerners keeping many prewar leaders and passing Black Codes to restrict the rights of the newly freed slaves. Let’s review • The Radicals' first step was to refuse to seat any Senator or Representative from the old Confederacy. Next they passed measures dealing with the former slaves. Johnson vetoed the legislation. The Radicals mustered enough votes in Congress to pass legislation over his veto-the first time that Congress had overridden a President on an important bill. They passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which established blacks as American citizens and forbade discrimination against them. Let’s review • • • Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which established Negroes as American citizens and forbade discrimination against them. A few months later Congress submitted to the states the Fourteenth Amendment, which specified that no state should "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." In March 1867, the Radicals effected their own plan of Reconstruction, again placing southern states under military rule. Fifteenth amendment Congress then proposed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It ensured all citizens the right to vote regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This Amendment was ratified in 1870 and designed to extend voting rights and enforce them by law. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude— Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Fifteenth amendment Congress then proposed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It ensured all citizens the right to vote regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This Amendment was ratified in 1870 and designed to extend voting rights and enforce them by law. Big Ideas • 15th Amendment – Ensures ALL citizens the right to vote Frederick douglass Frederick Douglass, a former abolitionist who fought to end slavery before the war, fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights. He became a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all. Frederick douglass Frederick Douglass, a former abolitionist who fought to end slavery before the war, fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights. He became a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all. Big Ideas • Douglass – Fought for voting rights amendments – Voice for human rights and civil rights Grandfather clause Although most Confederates accepted their defeat and the abolition of slavery, others were against equal rights for former enslaved African Americans. They did not want African Americans to vote or to hold office, and they opposed the Reconstruction governments. While the Constitution guaranteed African Americans the right to vote, new laws were put into effect to keep them from voting in the South. One was called the “grandfather clause.” Grandfather clauses required voters to have ancestors who had voted before 1867, which left out the former enslaved African Americans. Laws were also made that said people couldn’t vote if they couldn’t read or write, which also included most former slaves. Freedmen Voting, South Carolina (1868) The obstacle Course • In order to help poor, illiterate whites to vote, a grandfather clause was passed. •It stated that if a voter’s father or grandfather was eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, they did not have to take a literacy test. •This allowed whites to vote, but not freedmen. Dr. Manassa Thomas Pope was able to receive a voter registration card because his parents had been freed prior to 1867. He was one of only seven black voters in Raleigh and one of 31 in all of Wake County, NC. The obstacle Course The obstacle Course • In a typical Alabama literacy test, Part "A" required you to read out loud to the registrar's satisfaction a section of the Constitution (and in some cases verbally interpret it to his satisfaction). You then had to write out a section. • After that, you were given Parts "B" and "C" which were two sets of four written questions that you had to answer. The questions you will try to answer are examples from workbooks that Citizenship School teachers, such as the young woman in the photo, used to teach applicants what to expect when they went down to the courthouse to register.