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History of Earth (LT1 & LT2) Study Guide
Learning Target # 1: I can compare and contrast constructive and destructive forces that
change Earth’s surface over time.
MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL WEATHERING
NAME
TYPE OF WEATHERING
1. EXFOLIATION
MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL
MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL
When water leaks into the cracks of
rocks, it freezes and causes the rock
to break.
MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL
This occurs when burrowing animals,
humans, or plants interfere and work
their way into rocks.
MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL
Abrasion occurs when rocks rub
against each other and become
rounded.
2. FROST/ICE WEDGING
3. ORGANIC/ROOT WEDGING
4.
HOW IT WORKS
The process of heating and cooling of
the rock’s surface , along with
pressure, causing slabs or layers of
rock to break off
ABRASION
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
NAME
5. HYDROLYSIS
6. DISSOLUTION
7. OXIDATION
8. CARBONATION
9. MAN-MADE
(ACID RAIN/PRECIPITATION)
TYPE OF WEATHERING
CHEMICAL
HOW IT WORKS
When rocks sit in water for extended
periods of time they begin to break
down and have a clay-like texture.
CHEMICAL
Rocks, when in water, react with
acids in the water and dissolve. A clue
that this has happened to a rock is
the presence of small holes.
CHEMICAL
When oxygen reacts with iron in
rocks, they rust, taking on a redorange color.
CHEMICAL
Water absorbs carbon dioxide when
rain falls or from decaying organic
material. The carbon dioxide
dissolved in water forms carbonic
acid that reacts with many common
minerals.
CHEMICAL
Water in the atmosphere absorbs
sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.
Through a series of chemical
reactions these pollutants are
converted into acids that are a cause
of acid precipitation.
10. PLANT/ANIMAL
(ORGANIC) ACID
CHEMICAL
When plants decay they release acids
that react with the minerals in rocks.
1. Do the following conditions/processes occur SLOWLY or do they happen as a result of a QUICK change on Earth?
a. A volcano erupting Volcano formation is SLOW but eruption is FAST
b. Plates colliding to form a mountain range Pangea : Slow
c. Lightening striking a tree QUICK
d. A molecule of water moving through the water cycle SLOW, but if compared to eruption volcano or
lightning strike—QUICK!
e. Rugged, jagged mountains (results of mountain building but…) QUICKER than smooth, rounded
f. Smooth, rounded mountains SLOWER than rugged, jagged because it takes longer to weather
g. Sand on the beach washing out to sea QUICK
h. A wind storm blowing dust QUICK
i. Wind causing sand in the desert to form a dune SLOWER than sand washing out but QUICKER than flow
of water creating a valley
j. The flow of water creating a valley SLOW
k. Global sea levels rising SLOW ---(200 years to rise 7 in.!)
l. Climate change FAST ( Sun today….snow tomorrow!)
m. Earthquake Plates shifting are SLOW but earthquake is QUICK
n. Continental drift SLOW
o. Formation of a volcano (like mountain building…) SLOW
p. A tsunami hitting a coastal area QUICK
q. Flooding caused by a rainstorm QUICK
r. Formation of a tornado QUICK
**Compare the time it takes for each, compared, to the other moreso than knowing SLOW or QUICK.
2. Define WEATHERING. Wearing or breaking down; physical and chemical
3. Define EROSION. Moving or carrying away sediment; Sand Dunes and Loess are a result of erosion
4. Define DEPOSITION. Settling or laying down sediment
5. How does deposition play a role at the mouth of a river?
A river will widen, slow down, and will be shallow to become a site of deposited material/sediment.
6. What has caused the most change on earth over the course of time...natural processes or human life? Why?
LONG term change has occurred due to natural processes; SHORT term change has occurred due to human
processes.
7. What is a catastrophic event? Natural disasters that occur and change landforms QUICK—tornadoes, hurricanes,
sand and dust storms, etc.
Learning Target # 2: I can describe the roles of water both on land and underground.
8. Describe the role of erosion and deposition on a shoreline. Chapter 9 Section 3
Erosion: The ocean erodes the shoreline by carrying materials out to sea
Deposition: The ocean builds up the shoreline by bringing new sediment in with the tide and laying it down.
9. How has the role of water on earth's surface changed over time?
It continues to create paths (rills) that eventually form into streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Young, Mature, and Old.
10. In each of the following pairs, which of the images shows a YOUNGER body of water? How do you know?
A.
Rills
Ditch
Rills- shallow and narrow
B.
Creek
Rough River
Creek- swift river is young but not
youngest; creek is the beginning stages of rivers (deeper and more swift)
C.
Little Meanders
Big River
Meanders- Mature vs. Old; Not a flood
plain; narrow and flowing)
11. Why is there an abundance of cave s in South-Central Kentucky? How are caves formed?
Abundance of limestone (sedimentary rock); Caves are formed when limestone is dissolved.
12. What are the features found in caves because of the presence of water?
Stalactites (hanging from ceiling) and Stalagmites (from ground)