Download complete week three vocabulary

COMPLETE WEEK THREE VOCABULARY Acetyl CoA-­‐ short for Acetyl coenzyme A; formed from a fragment of pyruvate bonded to a coenzyme before the citric acid cycle begins Activation Energy-­‐ the energy requirement needed for reactants to undergo a chemical reaction Active Site-­‐ the part of an enzyme where its substrate binds Aerobic Respiration-­‐ respiration is a pathway that breaks down organic molecules and produces ATP. Aerobic means requiring oxygen. Aerobic respiration is the most efficient pathway for producing ATP. Allosteric Regulation-­‐ regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site which then affects the function at another site Anabolism-­‐ refers to metabolic pathways that build things up from smaller components; uses energy Anaerobic Respiration-­‐ production of ATP by breaking down organic molecules without the use of oxygen; much less efficient than aerobic respiration; uses an inorganic molecule to accept electrons ATP Synthase-­‐ a protein “pump” which uses a hydrogen ion gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP Catabolism-­‐ refers to metabolic pathways that break things down from big to small; releases energy Catalyst-­‐ a chemical that increases a reaction rate without being consumed; this is accomplished by reducing the activation energy of a reaction Chemiosmosis-­‐ describes an energy coupling pair where a hydrogen ion gradient is formed and then used to do work; ATP synthesis is an example of this Coenzymes-­‐ an organic cofactor; most common example are vitamins Cofactors-­‐ a helper molecule; any nonprotein molecule that an enzyme needs to function Competitive Inhibition-­‐ inhibition where a substance reduces enzyme activity by binding to the active site Cooperativity-­‐ a type of allosteric regulation; substrate binds to enzyme and other subunits of the protein change shape which facilitates the binding more substrates to the other subunits Cristae-­‐ the membrane folds within mitochondria Electrochemical Gradient-­‐ diffusion gradient of an ion; includes concentration difference and electrical force Electron Transport Chain-­‐a sequence of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP Endergonic-­‐ describes a chemical reaction that absorbs free energy from the surroundings; nonspontaneous Energy Coupling-­‐ use the energy released from an exergonic reaction to provide the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction forward Entropy-­‐ a measure of disorder Enzyme-­‐ a biological molecule that acts as a catalyst; most commonly a protein but there are also RNA catalysts Exergonic-­‐ describes a chemical reaction that releases free energy to the surroundings; spontaneous FAD / FADH2-­‐ an electron carrier in the electron transport chain Feedback Inhibition-­‐ a regulatory system where the end result of a reaction inhibits the pathway Fermentation-­‐ catabolic process that produces ATP from glucose without using the electron transport chain; produces an end product such as lactic acid First Law of Thermodynamics-­‐ conservation of energy; energy cannot be created nor destroyed; energy can be transferred and transformed Free Energy-­‐ the portion of a biological sytsem's energy that can be used for work G3P-­‐ a carbon intermediate that is produced during from glucose and is then turned into pyruvate Glycolysis-­‐ “glucose cutting”; glucose is cut into two pyruvates as a starting step for either cellular respiration or fermentation Kinetic Energy-­‐ energy of motion Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle-­‐ a cycle that completes the breakdown of glucose; oxidize pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs in mitochondrion of eukaryotes Matrix-­‐ mitochondrion compartment enclosed by inner membrane; contains citric acid cycle Metabolic Pathway-­‐ refers to a series of chemical reactions; can be building up a molecule (anabolic) or breaking down a molecule (catabolic) Mitochondria-­‐ the “powerhouse” of the cell; organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration NAD+ / NADH-­‐ an electron carrier in the electron transport chain Noncompetitive Inhibition-­‐ inhibition where a substance reduces enzyme activity by binding to a location that is not the active site Nonspontaneous-­‐ a nonspontaneous reaction is a reaction that will not move forward unless additional energy is added Oxidation-­‐ the Ox part of RedOx; a substance that is oxidized loses electrons Oxidative Phosphorylation-­‐ ATP production using energy from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain Phosphorylation-­‐ a reaction that adds a phosphate group to a molecule Positive Feedback-­‐ a loop where the end result of a reaction amplifies the reaction Potential Energy-­‐ energy that can be used for work; in biological systems, this is usually some sort of chemical energy Pyruvate-­‐ carbon intermediate that results from the breakdown of glucose; produced in glycolysis Reduction-­‐ the Red part of RedOx; a substance that is reduced gains electrons Second Law of Thermodynamics-­‐ the universe tends to move towards higher entropy Spontaneous-­‐ a spontaneous reaction is a reaction that will move forward without energy additionally energy input Substrate Level Phosphorylation-­‐ a reaction where an intermediate substrate is catabolized and an enzyme phosphorylates ADP to ATP Substrate-­‐ the reactant that binds to an enzyme Thermal Energy-­‐ energy of heat; kinetic energy of moving atoms and molecules