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Next big thing in high energy physics – II Gagan Mohanty TIFR, Mumbai WAPP2016 @ Ooty December 27, 2016 Where do we stand? Quarks and leptons are basic building blocks and interact among themselves via exchange of gluons, photon, W and Z bosons A modern periodic table? Combining quantum mechanics (physics of small) and relativity (physics of fast) along with plethora of particles discovered Standard Model of particle physics There are lots that the SM is silent about... In addition to these grandiose questions, there are many hidden ones within SM The SM is an enigma... ① Why there are only three family? ② Why such a great disparity of mass? ③ ... Let’s take a step back... Energy frontier Luminosity frontier 1964: CPV in K 1974: J/y (c quark) 1975: t lepton 1977: (b quark) 1983: W and Z Both are equally important 1987: B0-mixing 1995: t quark 2012: Higgs 2001: CPV in B 2004: Direct CPV 2007: D0-mixing Next target is discovery of new physics (NP) Two approaches to NP Baryogenesis SM is incomplete Dark matter Neutrino mass Mass hierarchy Grand unification There must be New Physics @ TeV scale !! But Supersymmetry ? y y Direct Search LHC, ILC Extradimension ? D>4 Composite Higgs ? , or what? h = yy Flavor physics: key to identify the theory B D t K m n Future flavor physics facilities … Energy vs. luminosity frontier Direct production by NP particles Virtual effects in quantum loop ~ q p p s b ~ c ~ g ~ ~ q c _ q q g n~ lTunnel effect Energy frontier Luminosity frontier Diagonal terms m 2 q ij m112 m122 2 21 m 2 22 m m132 2 23 m 2 2 2 m31 m32 m33 Off-diagonal terms Higher energy scale can be probed (even if LHC finds no NP) Flavor provides a NP treasure chest ,t Variety of measurements ! m facility K experiments LHCb Super t/c factory Super B factory Competitive & complementary vs. energy frontier experiments among flavor experiments Unique feature ! G. Isidori et al., Ann.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci. 60, 355 (2010) + report by B.Golob m e conv. m (g-2) 10 -(14-18) m facility 0.14ppm m facility Unique at SuperKEKB, t/c Two prominent discrepancies B D(*)tn 3.9s Tree-level process sensitive to possible charged Higgs contribution ~4σ discrepancy with respect to the SM prediction B K(*)l+l- 3.7s 2.1s FCNC process NP in quantum loop Two experiments find tantalizing difference need more data to clear the picture t physics: LFV decays t LFV decays Assuming massive neutrino, the typical LFV decay rate are of order 10−54 Therefore, any signal would provide clear evidence for NP e+e- colliding machines SuperKEKB 8x1035 40 times higher luminosity KEKB STCF BEPC II BEPC II _ Coherent MM Clean environment Missing n’s Inclusive Most visible legacy from Belle Proper time difference between two B mesons Established beyond any doubt that the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase is responsible for CP violation (CPV) within the standard model The CPV content, however, falls short by several orders of magnitude to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in our universe Strategy for high luminosity *I s g y y RL L 1 * * 2ere s x y Ry Lorentz factor Classical electron radius Geometrical reduction factors due to crossing angle and hour-glass effect Beam size ratio • Increase beam current, I • Larger beam-beam par, y • Smaller *y (+low emmittance) Nano-beam scheme Invented by P. Raimondi at Frascati Adopted by the SuperKEKB Factory Nano-beam scheme L KEKB Half crossing angle: f Hourglass condition: βy*>~ L=sx/f SuperKEKB (w/o crab) 22mrad 1mm 100mm 5mm s *y I y RL L 1 * 2ere s x *y Ry ~50nm g 1mm 100mm 5mm 83mrad N N- f L R * * L 4s xs y SuperKEKB Colliding bunches Belle II New IR e- 2.3 A New superconducting /permanent final focusing quads near the IP New beam pipe & bellows e+ 4.0 A Replace short dipoles with longer ones (LER) Add / modify RF systems for higher beam current Low emittance positrons to inject Redesign the lattices of HER & LER to squeeze the emittance TiN-coated beam pipe with antechambers Positron source Damping ring New positron target / capture section Low emittance gun Low emittance electrons to inject L=8·1035 s-1cm-2 x 40 gain in luminosity Machine parameters KEKB(@record) parameters SuperKEKB LER HER LER HER 3.5 8 4 7 units Beam energy Eb Half crossing angle φ 11 41.5 # of Bunches N 1584 2500 Emittance Horizontal εx 18 24 3.2 4.6 nm Emittance ratio κ 0.88 0.66 0.27 0.28 % Beta functions at IP βx*/βy* Beam currents Ib 1.64 1.19 3.6 2.6 beam-beam param. ξy 0.129 0.090 0.0881 0.0807 Bunch Length 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 mm 150 150 10 11 um Vertical Beam Size sz sx* sy* 0.048 0.059 um Luminosity L Horizontal Beam Size 1200/5.9 0.94 2.1 x 1034 GeV mrad 32/0.27 25/0.30 8 x 1035 mm A cm-2s-1 Integrated luminosity (ab-1) Luminosity projection Goal of Belle II/SuperKEKB Assumes full operation funding profile. Peak luminosity (cm-2s-1) 9 months/year 20 days/month Commissioning starts early 2016. Full Physics 2018 Assumes KEKB Luminosity learning curve x 80 Shutdown Calendar Year Belle II detector BKLM EKLM TOP Construction in progress CDC At the heart of Belle II... Lies a sophisticated vertexing and inner tracking system (VXD) to: • Determine the vertex position of the weakly decaying particles • Precisely measure the track position and momentum for low-pT tracks It is composed of: a) b) Pixel detector (PXD) Silicon micro-vertex detector (SVD) – Double-sided Si microstrip sensors SVD PXD VXD requirements • Fast – to operate in high rate environment • Excellent spatial resolution (~15 μm) • Radiation hard (up to 100 kGray) • Good tracking capability – to track charged particles down to 50 MeV in pT SVD and TIFR in it Layer Institute 3 Melbourne 4 TIFR Mumbai 5 HEPHY Vienna 6 Kavli IPMU Layer# Sensor/ladder Origami Ladder Length Radius Slant angle Occupancy 3 2 0 7 262 mm 38 mm 0o 6.7% 4 3 1 10 390 mm 80 mm 11.9o 2.7% 5 4 2 12 515 mm 104 mm 17.2o 1.3% 6 5 3 16 645 mm 135 mm 21.1o 0.9% For the 1st time, we are involved in such an advanced detector project A fully assembled module Sensor Δx (µm) Δy (µm) Δz (µm) BW -49 -6 -7 -35 -15 -47 -34 -22 94 CE FW Design specs: ±150µm (Δx, Δy ) ±200µm (Δz) Before reaching here, needed to pass through several stages of a stringent international review procedure India in Belle (II) ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ IISER Mohali (Prof. V. Bhardwaj) IIT Bhubaneswar (Prof. S. Bahinipati, N. Dash) IIT Guwahati (Prof. B. Bhuyan, D. Kalita, K. Nath) IIT Hyderabad (Prof. A. Giri, Prof. S. Desai, S. Choudhury) IIT Madras (Prof. P. Behera, Prof. J. Libby, A. Kaliyar, P. Krishnan, P.K. Resmi) IMSc Chennai (Prof. R. Sinha) PU Chandigarh (Prof. J.B. Singh, R. Garg) PAU Ludhiana (Prof. R. Kumar) MNIT Jaipur (Prof. K. Lalwani, M. Chahal, Y. Saini) TIFR Mumbai (Prof. T. Aziz, Prof. G. Mohanty, Dr. D. Dutta, Dr. V. Gaur, V. Babu, S. Mohanty★, D. Sahoo, S. Divekar, M.M. Kolwalkar, S.N. Mayekar, K.K. Rao) Summary Flavor physics: important/complementary driving force with energy frontier in HEP: past (SM) future (NP) Super flavor facilities will take such role in searching and establishing NP in various ways SuperKEKB is under construction (Belle II will be taking data starting late 2018) LHCb plans upgrade: competition/complementary Super t/charm factory: BINP, China e+e-: clean environment, pure (tagged) mesons Hope to discover NP in near future either/both in flavor physics and energy frontier experiments