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Environmental Science Fall BM2 Review Brodnax Answer on your own paper in complete sentences. Intro Unit: 1. What is environmental science? An multidisciplinary field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, mineralogy, oceanology, limnology, soil science, geology, atmospheric science, and geodesy) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. 2. Who is Henry David Thoreau and how was he influential to environmental awareness? Early environmentalist and wrote the book Walden after living alone on the shore of Walden Pond. 3. Who is John Muir and how was he influential to environmental protection? Influential to environmental studies because he was the first person to suggest the idea of protecting the wilderness for future generations to enjoy. Led to national parks. 4. What are the steps in the scientific method? Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Collect Data, Analyze and Conclude, Communicate Results. 5. What is a controlled experiment? An experiment that tests for only 1 variable. 6. Define the following experimental variables: independent, dependent, and control. Independent- the variable that is changed or manipulated. Located on the X axis. Dependent- The variables that responds to the change. Located on the y axis. Control- variable that is kept the same for the whole experiment. 7. Why do scientists use the metric system of measurement? It is a universal system of measurement. 8. What are the base units for length, mass, volume and temperature? Length= meter Mass= gram Volume= liter Temperature= celcius 9. What is the mnemonic for converting units in the metric system? King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk (Kilo- Hecto- Deka- Base deci- centi- milli-) 10. What is an ecological footprint? The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. Ecology: 1. List the levels of ecological organization starting with individuals. 1. Species 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biome 6. Biosphere 2. Differentiate between a habitat and a niche. A habitat is where an organism lives. A niche is an organism's job. 3. Describe and give examples of biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic= living Ex. Animal, plant, bacteria Abiotic= nonliving Ex. Wind, water, rock, temperature 4. Explain what the range of tolerance is for various environmental factors. The range in which factors must be for the organism to survive. 5. Define and give an example of intraspecific competition. Competition within the same species. Ex- Reproduction 6. Define and give an example of interspecific competition. Competition with different species. Ex- Competition for space 7. Define and give an example of predation. Predator and prey. Predator eats prey. Predator- Trout, Prey- Mayfly 8. Define and give an example of mutualism. Both organisms benefit. Bee and flower 9. Define and give an example of parasitism. 1 benefits and the other is harmed. Must have a host. Dog and Fleas 10. Define and give an example of commensalism. 1 benefits and the other is unaffected. whale and barnacle 11. List 4 abiotic factors that can limit organism distribution. Precipitation, wind, temperature, fire 12. Draw a food chain and label each tropic level. producer- first trophic level (Grass) ->primary consumer- 2nd trophic level (grasshopper)-> secondary consumer- 3rd trophic level (rabbit) ->tertiary consumer- 4th trophic level (wolf) 13. Differentiate between decomposers and detritivores. Decomposers break down dead or decaying matter, detritivores feed on dead or decaying matter. 14. Differentiate between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. Photoautotrophs use sunlight and photosynthesis Chemoautotrophs use chemicals and chemosynthesis 15. What is a keystone species? a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. 16. Differentiate between native and nonnative species. What are other names for nonnative species? Native is originally from the area, nonnative (invasive) were introduced 17. Define the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. 1st- energy cannot be destroyed but can be transformed. 2nd-When energy is changed from one form to another, we always end up with lower-quality or less usable energy than we started with (usually heat). 18. How much energy is transferred through a food chain? What is each step in a food chain called? Where does the lost energy go? 10% is passed to the next level, trophic level, eliminated as heat 19. What is Biomass? How does it affect a food chain? The total amount of living tissue, Producers have the most and it decreases as trophic levels increase. 20. Define and give an example of biomagnification. The toxin concentration increases as you increase trophic levels. DDT 21. How do you calculate population growth? Birth rate and immigration- increase population growth Death rate and emigration- decrease population growth 22. Contrast exponential and logistic growth. Exponential- steady growth, J-curve, must have unlimited resources Logistic- logical, reaches a carrying capacity, S-curve 23. What is carrying capacity? The maximum number of individuals an area can provide resources. 24. Define and give examples of density dependent limiting factors. Depend on the size of the population. Ex- Competition, disease, parasitism 25. Define and give examples of density independent limiting factors. Occurs no matter the size of the population. Ex- Human impact and natural disasters 26. Contrast primary and secondary succession. Primary- no soil (bare rock), forms from volcanic eruption, first organisms include lichens and mosses. Secondary- soil is present, forms from forest fires or flooding, first organisms include annual grasses and weeds. 27. What is a pioneer species? First organism to occupy an area (Ex. Lichens and mosses) 28. Explain how water flows through ecosystems and explain how humans impact this cycle. a. Evaporation- liquid to gas b. Precipitation- rain, snow, sleet, or hail falling from the sky c. Transpiration- water evaporating from plants through the stomata d. Condensation- water vapor changing to a liquid Humans have a major impact with water pollution 29. How is the flow of matter different from the flow of energy in an ecosystem? Energy flows in 1 direction, matter is recycled 30. Explain how carbon flows through ecosystems and explain how humans impact this cycle. Humans add more CO2 by burning fossil fuels. Into Atmosphere- Respiration, Burning fossil fuels, volcanic activity Out of atmosphere- photosynthesis 31. Explain how nitrogen flows through ecosystems and explain how humans impact this cycle. Nitrogen fixation- Atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) -> Ammonia (NH3) Denitrification- Nitrates (NO2 and NO3) -> Atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) 32. Explain how phosphorus flows through ecosystems and explain how humans impact this cycle. Not found in the atmosphere, only in soil and rocks Biodiversity: 1. What makes up the climate of a region? Average temperature and precipitation 2. How is climate different from weather? Climate is yearly average and weather is day to day 3. Describe where the different temperature zones are located on Earth? Above/below 23o north and south= temperate zone Between 23o north and south= tropical zone 4. In terms of moisture, what does arid, semi-arid, semi-humid, and humid mean? Arid- dry Semi-arid- semi-dry Semi-humid- semi-wet Humid- wet 5. The moisture of a biome is determined by what 2 factors? Precipitation and Evaporation 6. List and describe the 5 air masses affecting North America. Continental = dry, inland Maritime = wet, coastal Polar = cold Arctic = very cold Tropical = warm Continental arctic: inland, dry and very cold air Continental polar: inland, dry and cold air Continental tropical: inland, dry and warm air Maritime polar: coastal, moist and cold air Maritime tropical: coastal, moist and warm air 7. Describe the characteristics of a cold front. a cold air mass pushes the warm air mass up, cumulus clouds form, and heavy rain/snow storms occur 8. Describe the characteristics of a warm front. a warm air mass stretches over a cold air mass, stratus clouds form, and steady rain/snow falls 9. Why does climate determine the biome type of an area? The temperature and precipitation determine which biotic factors can survive 10. Define and give an example of a behavioral animal adaptation. Instincts- migration, hibernation 11. Define and give an example of a structural animal adaptation. Physical, can be seen- shell, spikes, thorns, camouflage 12. Define and give an example of a physiological animal adaptation. Internal, chemical- poison, venum, ink 13. Define and give an example of thigmotropism in plants. The ability of a plant to move in response to touch. Ex- Venus fly trap 14. Define and give an example of phototropism in plants. The movement/growth of a plant toward light. Ex- Vines 15. Complete the Biome Chart… Information used to fill in/need to know Freshwater Ponds and Lakes: - Bodies of standing, or still, fresh water Lakes are larger and deeper Lake Zones: - Littoral Zone – regions occupied by floating and rooted plants; shallow water close to shoreline. Plants have roots in the soil and insects, snails, frogs, and salamanders make this their home Limnetic zone – open waters away from shore; occupied by phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, etc. Algae are the main producers (because they don’t need roots in soil) and sunfish feed on algae and insects while catfish scavenge their meals - Profundal zone (aphotic zone) – where detritus accumulates Rivers and Streams: - Flowing waters, currents can be very strong and fast moving Often affected by human interference with dams and pollution Organisms must be adapted to a specific location in a stream or river to survive. – Ex. Trout have stream-lined bodies that allow them to swim in fast moving currents – Ex. In soil clouded parts that have less oxygen, plants have adapted to root in the pebbles on the bottom Wetlands: - Includes marshes, bogs, swamps, seasonal ponds Among richest biomes with respect to biodiversity and productivity. Favors growth of water plants and also rich in invertebrates and birds. Very few now exist as they are often thought of as wastelands Marine - Photic zone- penetrated by sunlight Aphotic zone- no sunlight Ocean Zones: Intertidal zone- alternates between being submerged and exposed to sun/air in the photic zone • Sudden changes in temperature and pounding of waves • Home to sand stars, clams, crabs, and barnacles Neritic Zone- A region of shallow water below the low-tide line in the photic zone • Home to large schools of fish such as sardines and anchovies • In tropical waters, coral reefs live in this zone Pelagic zone- open blue water constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents; has photic and aphotic regions • Covers 70% of Earth’s surface • High oxygen levels • B/c of thermal stratification, some tropical areas have lower nutrient levels than temperate areas • Home to algae, phytoplankton, photosynthetic bacteria, zooplankton, shrimp-like krill, jellies, fishes, large squids, sea turtles, sharks, marine mammals, etc. Benthic zone- seafloor below the surface waters of the neritic (coastal) zone, and the offshore pelagic zone. Except for shallow areas, this zone receives no sunlight. • Sufficient oxygen concentrations • Shallow benthic areas (photic) have seaweeds and algae to support invertebrates and fishes • Deep benthic areas (aphotic) aka deep sea vents, have chemoautotrophic prokaryotes that support tube worms, arthropods, echinoderms, etc. Estuaries: o Where the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean; optimal breeding grounds o Shallow, sunlit waters, rich in nutrients o Home for marsh grasses, algae, crabs, worms, clams, oysters, and fish Biome Location Brazil, Columbia Equator Tropical Rain Forest Climate and soil type Nutrient poor soil High temp. High Precip Plants and their adaptations Animals and their adaptations Unique feature/fact Tall Leafy Trees, Vines, Large Flowering Plants, Ferns (Requires large amounts of water) Animals – Snakes, Birds (Toucan), Insects, Monkey Canopy – Layer at the top of the rainforest which blocks the sun from reaching the forest floor. Specific ecological problem Do Not D Nutrient Poor – Soil is nutrient poor because the living organisms quickly taken in any available nutrients. Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Southeast US (Georgia) Parts of Japan Sahara Desert in North Africa Arabian Desert in the Arabian Peninsula Warm Summers and Cold Winters (0-25 degrees Celsius) Rain all year long (10 cm per month) Annual precipitation of less than 25 cm. Extreme Temp Changes from day to night. Average Temp – 15-35 Degrees Celsius Oak Trees, Pine Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Mosses and Ferns Cacti and other succulents, creosote bush – Survive with very little rainfall and have a short growth season Squirrel, Skunk, White Tail Deer, Snake Mountain Lions, Mule Deer, Kangaroo Rats, Owls, Ants, Rattlesnakes – Handle extreme temp changes from day to night. Most biodiversity Deciduous - Drop their leaves in the winter time. WE LIVE HERE!!!! Nocturnal – Active mostly at night Waxy Cuticle – Covering for plants that decreases transpiration DND DND Grassland Savanna – Kenya, Venezuela, and Belize Grassland – North America (United States) and Central Asia Tundra Northern Alaska and Northern Europe Tropical Savanna – Warm Temps 25-30 degrees Celsius Seasonal Rainfall – 325mm (Has Wet and Dry Season) Temperate Grassland – Warm Summer/Cold Winter ( 3-35 degrees Celsius) Seasonal Rainfall – 225-325 mm 24 hours of light and then periods with 24 hours of dark. Arctic Regions (Coniferous Forest) Taiga North America – Alaska Northern Europe Strong Winds, Short Summer, Long COLD winter (-25 to 5 Degrees Celsius) Long Cold Winter and Short Cool Summer (-25 to 15 degrees Celsius) Moderate Precipitation Tropical Savanna – Tall Perennial Grasses, fireresistant trees and shrubs (Drought and Fire Resistant) Temperate Grassland – Lush Perennial Grass and Herbs (Drought, Fire, and Cold Resistant; once very fertile soil) TS- Lions, Elephants, Baboons, Ostrich, Termites (Many Daily Movers in Search of Water) Low Lying (to avoid the winds), sedges, lichen, short grasses, and mosses Snowy Owl, Caribou, Small Rodent, Artic Fox TG- Coyote, Antelope, Prairie Dogs, Prairie Chicken, Ants, Grasshoppers (Heavy grazers) Conifers (Needle) Caribou, Moose, Spruce, Small Elk, Migratory Shrubs with Birds, Rabbits Berries, Pine Tree, Cedar Savanna – Mostly Grasslands with Sparse Tree Cover Compact Soil leads to flooding Lighting leads to Frequent Fires Temperate Grassland – Seasons Some of World’s Most Fertile Soils, now farmland Permafrost Permanently frozen ground Conifer – Modified Leaf Tree (Needle) Does not lose needles during the winter DND DND DND