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• http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/sl ideshows/animal_kingdom/index.html • Based on the video, describe some characteristics that all the animals show. • Describe some of the things that set the different animals apart from each other. • Why do you think that the some of the animals developed so differently? Introduction to Animals vid • Over a million different types have been identified! • Animals likely evolved from protozoans. Kingdom Protista Characteristics of Animals All animals share these general features: 1. heterotrophy, 2. mobility, 3. multicellularity, 4. sexual reproduction, 5. diploidy, 6. the absence of a cell wall, 7. cells organized as tissues, and 8. blastula formation. BR: On the chart, write down the animal phylums & an example of each. (picture) (These are the common names.) • Based on the cladogram, what is the symmetry of each? heterotrophy, Can’t make their own food… must eat things. mobility, • Animals can swim, crawl, walk, run, and even fly. • Some only move in the larval stage… the sponge multicellularity, • Made up of more then one cell! • Although animals come in a wide range of sizes, the cell sizes are all very similar! sexual reproduction • Almost all animals reproduce sexually by producing gametes. • Unlike the egg cells, the sperm cells of animals have a flagella and are highly mobile. diploidy, adults have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from their father and one from their mother. the absence of a cell wall, Among the cells of multicellular organisms, only animal cells lack rigid cell walls. The absence of a cell wall has allowed animals mobility that other multicellular organisms do not have. blastula formation In all animals except sponges, the zygote (fertilized egg cell) undergoes cell divisions that form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. cells organized as tissues Cells within the blastula eventually develop into three distinct layers of cells endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm . These layers are called the primary tissue layers because they give rise to all of the tissues and organs of the adult body. tissues tissues are groups of cells with a common structure that work together to perform a specific function. BR: For the quiz, you would need to be able to read a chart like these. What sort of questions might I ask? Bell ringer 2/4 • If you wanted to figure out if something is an animal, what characteristics would you look for? Are these animals? Why or why not? Body Symmetry All animals have their own particular body plan, a term used to describe an animal’s shape, symmetry, and internal organization. 3 body symmetry Asymmetry. Animals that grow in an irregular pattern, such as a sponge, show asymmetry. radial symmetry Animals with radial symmetry have body parts arranged around a central axis. bilateral symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry have a distinct right and left half, and most display cephalization. What now? • Find each of the phylums for each of the animals. • Write down the scientific names for each of the phylums on your chart • Finish Reading guide Bell Ringer 9/27 Identify the symmetry of each animal & explain how you know. Announcements: • If you haven’t taken the Classification Tools Test, you need to make it up by the end of the day Thursday, or else it goes in as a zero. • Retakes will be on Friday! How do you think that an organism’s symmetry will affect its lifestyle? Symmetry: A Point of View 1. Use play-doh to make models of three IMAGINARY animals that exhibit the three types of symmetry a. one animal should be assymmetrical b. the second should exhibit radial symmetry c. the third should illustrate bilateral symmetry 2. Think about how your three imaginary animals will capture food. Will they be mobile or sessile? 3. Compare your 3 imaginary animals with others in the class. Discuss the similarities and differences. Questions to answer TYPE of Symmetry Method used to capture food Mobile or sessile Asymmetry Radial Bilateral 1. Identify 2 everyday objects for each type of symmetry. 2. Describe the advantages of radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry for your model animals, when capturing food. 3. Most bilaterally symmetrical animals have an anterior end where most of the sense organs are located. How is this body plan an advantage? 4. Why are mobile organisms more likely to be bilaterally symmetrical? Why are sessile organisms more likely to be radially symmetrical? How does symmetry affect an organism’s lifestyle? • Radial symmetry enables sea creatures, which may be sedentary or only capable of slow movement or floating, to experience the environment equally from all directions. • Bilateral symmetry allows for streamlined and directional motion. In evolutionary terms, this simple form of symmetry promoted active mobility and increased sophistication of resource-seeking and predator-prey relationships. • http://www.heroviral.com/15-weirdanimals/ Bell Ringer 9/21 Identify the symmetry of each animal & explain how you know. Announcements: • If you missed class on Friday, you missed the classification quiz! You can make it up afterschool or during seminar (see me for a pass) Bell Ringer 9/22 Describe how you think that symmetry, cephalization (having a head), and being motile (ability to move) can greatly benefit an organism. Describe what you think makes a sponge an animal. Announcements: • If you missed class on Friday, you missed the classification quiz! You can make it up afterschool or during seminar (see me for a pass) You have a week before it goes in the grade book as a zero. body plans Bilateral Animals have one of three basic body plans: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate. coelom a body cavity, coelom or (SEE luhm), a fluid-filled space found between the body wall and the digestive tract (gut). This space is lined with cells that come from mesoderm. • Coelomates are either protostomes or deuterostomes. • Protostomes (first mouth) are coelomates whose embryonic development shows a blastopore associated with a mouth. • Deuterostomes (second mouth) are coelomates whose embryonic development shows a blastopore associated with an anus, with a second opening forming the mouth (hence "second mouth"). acoelomate Animals with no body cavity are called acoelomate (ay SEEL oh mayts). The space between an acoelomate’s body wall and gut is completely filled with tissues pseudocoelomate have a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm. Their body cavity is called a pseudocoelom (false coelom) Segmentation Segmentation in body structure underlies the organization of all advanced animals. • Some animals have their bodies divided into segments. This allows them to specialize certain segments, such as for antennae, eyes, claws, etc. Humans, insects, and earthworms are examples of segmented animals. animal phyla There are about 35 animal phyla, which contain an extraordinary range of body forms and body systems. . phylogenetic tree To visually represent the relationships among various groups of animals, scientists often use a type of branching diagram called a phylogenetic tree. It shows how animals are related through evolution Scientists classify animals using several different types of data, which include comparing anatomy and physiology, patterns of development, and DNA. • The animal kingdom is divided in two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates Animal Body Systems Body systems are specialized to carry out different tasks. Levels of organization: Cells tissues organs organ systems organisms Digestive systems • Simple animals have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening, while morecomplex animals have a one-way gut. http://slideplayer.com/slide/1622368/ animal digestion Respiration/ gas exchange Simple animals exchange gases directly through their skin. More-complex aquatic animals use gills, while terrestrial animals use a variety of respiratory organs, such as lungs. circulatory system In an open circulatory system, circulatory fluid leaves the vessels and enters the body cavity. In a closed circulatory system, blood remains in the vessels. open circulatory system -- primitive system found in insects and crustaceans -blood not always contained in blood vessels -- heart pumps hemolymph (blood and cell fluids) into vessels, but vessels empty into large cavities or sinuses containing organs -- blood diffuses through tissues and back into heart. closed circulatory system -- found in higher animals -- system is "closed" because the blood is always contained in vessels. Nervous System While simple animals have little coordination among their nerve cells, complex animals have nerve cords and a brain with associated sensory structures. Excretory System For most animals, eliminating wastes is linked to maintaining the correct water balance in their body. Skeleton/Support Hydrostatic support Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Frog Asexual Asexual reproductive methods include fragmentation, splitting in two, and parthenogenesis. Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of two gametes is called asexual reproduction. A sponge, for example, can reproduce by fragmenting its body. Each fragment grows into a new sponge. Some species of sea anemone reproduce by pulling themselves in half, forming two new adult anemones sexual reproduction In sexual reproduction, male and female gametes combine to form a new individual Human Reproduction • Eggs produced in the ovary are fertilized in the fallopian tube and implant in the uterus. Sperm, made in the testes by spermatogenesis, a form of meiosis, must fertilize the haploid egg for it to develop into an embryo.