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Transcript
Basic Chemistry CHAPTER 2 Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9D05ej8u-gU What are elements? What can you tell me about elements? What are elements? Elements: The fundamental units of matter What are elements? Elements: The fundamental units of matter What do we mean by fundamental? What are elements? Elements: The fundamental units of matter What do we mean by fundamental? Necessary base or core Elements of the Body 96% of the body is made from 4 different elements A Look at Matter Elements of the Body 96% of the body is made from 4 different elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen Bomb https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEje927dygM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7vyKDcSTaE What are atoms? What are atoms? Atoms: The building blocks of elements Atomic Structure What are the different parts of an atom? Atomic Structure Nucleus Protons (p+) Neutrons (n0) Outside of nucleus Electrons (e-) Atomic Structure of Smallest Atoms Atomic Structure of Smallest Atoms https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-an-atom How do we identify elements? How do we identify elements? Atomic number How do we identify elements? Atomic number: equal to the number of protons that the atom contains How do we identify elements? Atomic mass number: How do we identify elements? Atomic mass number: sum of the protons and neutrons Why are atomic masses not in whole numbers? Protons + Neutrons right? Isotopes and Atomic Mass ISOTOPES! Isotopes and Atomic Mass Isotopes: Have the same number of protons Vary in number of neutrons Isotopes and Atomic Mass Close to mass number of most abundant isotope Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation Isotopes and Atomic Mass https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/is otopes-and-atomic-mass Electrons and Bonding Energy levels called electron shells Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted Electrons and Bonding Bonding - interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell) Full valence shells do not form bonds Electrons and Bonding How to fill the atom’s shells Shell 1 - maximum of 2 electrons Shell 2 - maximum of 8 electrons Shell 3 - maximum of 18 electrons Shell 4 - maximum of 32 electrons Shell 5 - maximum of 50 electrons Shell 6 – maximum of 72 electrons Electrons and Bonding Lewis Dot Structures Diagrams that show the bonding between atoms Represent the valence shell Carbon has 6 protons, 6 elections So…….4 electrons are in the valence shell Lewis Dot Structures Lewis Dot Structures Lewis Dot Structures Rule of Eights (Octet Rule) Atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons The exception to this rule of eights is Shell 1, which can only hold 2 electrons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzWkmx_14E Electrons and Bonding http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scienc e/add_ocr_gateway/periodic_table/atomstrucact.s html Radioactivity Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay What can we use this for? Radioactivity Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay What can we use this for? Radioactivity Radiometric Dating: Uranium 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 704 million years. Carbon Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon, with a half-life of 5,730 years Very short compared to other isotopes Molecules and Compounds Molecule: Two or more like atoms combined chemically Compound: Two or more different atoms combined chemically Molecules and Compounds https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-a-molecule What are chemical reactions? What do you remember? What are chemical reactions? Atoms are united by chemical bonds OR Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken