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31/03/2009 What is matter made of ? Grid applications in particle and astroparticle physics; The CMS and IceCube projects (a collaboration between the VUB, UGent and UA) Prof S. Tavernier Launch Flemish Supercomputer Center March 23, 2009 Our understanding of nature at the microscopic scale is summarised in the standard model 4 fundamental forces mass fundamental particles All ? All these particles have a size of less than 10-18 m 1 31/03/2009 The standard model is extremely successful in describing subatomic phenomena, however, there are very good reasons to believe this model is incomplete. - the standard model does not integrate gravity, and the description of gravity is incompatible with quantum mechanics. - there is compelling evidence from astronomical observations that 95% of the mass in the universe is not accounted for. We have no room for this missing mass in the standard model. - the masses of the basic particles are unexplained and vary enormously, from ≈10-2 eV (neutrinos) to 0.27 1012 eV (top quark). If our "fundamental" particles are made up of other, more fundamental, constituents, the corresponding level spacing is very large. ∆E ≈ π(hc) 2a ∆E[GeV ] ≈ 100 size[10 −18 m] If matter has a structure at a dimension of ≈10-19 m , the level spacing corresponding to this structure must be ≈1 TeV. To "excite" these levels high energy is needed. From quantum mechanics we know that to probe the structure of matter at the very small scale we need very high energy probes. λ= h hc 10 −6 m ≈ ≈ P E E[eV ] With light [ E≈1eV] we can "see"the structure of matter down to 10-6m. To see the structure of matter at a scale of 10-18 m and below we need probes with an energy of one TeV [= 1012 eV] or above. These facts are the motivation for building the very high-energy accelerators such as LHC. The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) was recently built near Geneva, and will allow proton-proton collision at a centre of mass energy of 14 TeV. We hope to see a glimpse of what is beyond the standard model. 2 31/03/2009 Where the protons collide a large number of new particles is produced proton 7 TeV 7 TeV proton proton 7 TeV 7 TeV proton 3 31/03/2009 From this November onwards, proton beams will collide at a rate of 40 106 per second. One year of CMS operation will result in about 107 GBytes of data. To analyse these data CERN is setting up a network of ≈ 100'000 PC processors distributed over the participating institutions. In addition to computing power for data analysis, there is a need for a large computer power for data simulation. All the calculations needed are trivially parallelizable. Messengers from the cosmos, The IceCube experiment From CMS to Ice cube The Earth is permanently bombarded by very high energy particles from the cosmos. The energy can be up to 2020eV! Among these, neutrinos are of particular interest because they are not affected by intergalactic dust, intergalactic magnetic field etc. The ice cube experiment aims at observing high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. 4 31/03/2009 5 31/03/2009 One year of IceCube operation will result in about 104 GBytes of data sent by satellite to the participating laboratories for analysis. The analysis of these date needs similar computer infrastructure as the analysis of the CMS data. Experiments like CMS and IceCube aim at answering some of the most fundamental questions in science. The Flemish universities obviously should take part in these scientific adventures. The Flemish Supercomputer Center will help us in doing so. 6