Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
April 14 Where/what is America focusing its energy on during the Depression? Why? What might be 2 positives and 2 negatives for the focus? Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. USHC-7.1 Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Isolationist, Again Initially the U.S., dealing with the Great Depression, was unwilling and unprepared to become involved in wars overseas. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts designed to prevent war based on America’s experiences prior to their entrance into World War I and on Americans’ hatred with the Great War. Acts prohibited the sale of arms or lending of money to countries involved in any military action. Severely restricted FDR’s to response to the aggression of Germany and Japan. Japanese Aggression The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 initiated the aggressive Japanese policy against China that was designed to create a Japanese sphere of influence. The response of the US was limited to trade restrictions, such as embargos on gas and iron, which the Japanese viewed as a threat. German Aggression The German invasion of Poland in 1939 led to war in Europe. French and British forces fell back against the onslaught of the Nazi blitzkrieg and the British came under devastating air attack. US Gets Involved In an effort to provide aid to the Allies, FDR amended the Neutrality Acts Led to “Cash and Carry,” the destroyers-for-bases deal, and LendLease Act. To supply the Allies and prepare for the possibility of war, the process of changing from a peacetime to a wartime economy was begun even before the US was officially at war FDR’s commitment to oppose Germany and Japan by the signing of the Atlantic Charter. Prior to the official entry of the US into WWII, the American Navy was involved in protecting shipments of Lend-Lease goods to the Allies and therefore lost ships in the Atlantic to German attacks, similar to WWI Pearl Harbor By 1941, the United States was in a state of undeclared naval war with Germany. The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 forced the United States to officially abandon its policy of isolationism. Start of WWII for the US The subsequent American declaration of war against Japan led Germany to declare war on the United States. The United States was officially at war with Germany and its allies, Japan and Italy. November 10th Describe how or why the US could have gotten into WWII without the Pearl Harbor incident? What were some mistakes the US made that contributed to the catastrophe at Pearl Harbor? Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. USHC-7.2 Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans. Government Controls Economy The fighting of WWII required the total mobilization of the American economy, the US government, and American society on the home front. At the urging of the FDR, private industries converted to war production even before Pearl Harbor to supply the Allies through Lend Lease. The national government managed the economy by controlling the allocation of scarce resources to businesses, and controlled wages, and prices. War Bonds In order to finance the war, war bond drives used all of the techniques of modern advertising to persuade citizens to lend money to the U.S. by purchasing war bonds. Ration Coupon Although citizens were urged to plant victory gardens and conserve resources as during World War I, persuasion was not enough. During World War II, rationing of scarce resources was made mandatory through the allocation of ration coupon booklets. Women in WWII Because young male workers were needed on the battlefield, women and minorities were urged to work in wartime industries. Women often took traditionally male jobs and “Rosie the Riveter” became an icon. Women were allowed to serve in some support positions in the military. Blacks During WWII A leader of an African American labor union, A. Philip Randolph, threatened to organize a march on Washington demanding equal access to war-time jobs. In response, FDR issued an executive order establishing a commission to ensure that war jobs were open to African American workers. Despite the unifying experience of the war effort and wartime propaganda, racial and ethnic tensions impacted American society and threatened individual liberties. African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination as they trained on military bases in the South. Zoot Suit Riot Young Mexican Americans were attacked in Los Angeles because their clothing was considered unAmerican. Japanese American citizens After Pearl Harbor, the western states, fearing a surprise attack and expressing their ethnic prejudices, urged FDR to take action against Japanese residents and Japanese American citizens. Without any evidence of wrong doing, Japanese residents and Americans of Japanese descent were ordered to sell their property and belongings and to report for deportation to camps in inland deserts. The Supreme Court upheld the establishment of these internment camps by the government. Propaganda Cartoons April 20th Why did the government control aspects of the US economy during WWII? What are two similarities between WWI and WWII in terms of how certain ‘groups’ of people were treated? Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. USHC-7.3 Explain how controversies among the Big Three Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR. WWII Politics During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies only because both were enemies of Germany. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) were based on the fundamental differences in their economic and political systemsdemocracy vs communism. American distrust of the USSR grew when Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler. However, when Hitler violated that pact and invaded the Soviet Union, the Soviets became recipients of Lend Lease and an American ally in the war against Germany. The Big Three allied leaders, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, FDR of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, met throughout the war to plan strategy and later to make postwar plans. WWII Battles The USSR, taking the brunt of German aggression in 1941-1944 on the eastern front, desperately wanted the other Allies to open a second ground front that would directly attack Germany and provide the USSR with some relief. The British asked for United States bombers to help the Royal Air Force (RAF) take out the German Air Force that was devastating Britain [Battle of Britain]. The delay in opening a second front that would take pressure off the ground forces in the USSR was because Allies produced bombers rather than the landing craft needed to launch a full scale invasion of Europe. Operation Torch/Stalingrad The invasion of North Africa was launched to free the Mediterranean Sea from Germany and protect the oil fields of the Middle East. This military operation took some pressure off the USSR but it was their fierce resistance to the Germans at Stalingrad that turned the tide on the eastern front. War in Italy Allied landings in Italy opened another front in Europe but again delayed a direct attack on Germany. Italy surrendered but Germany continued the bitter fight on the Italian peninsula and tied down Allied forces. Operation Overlord, June 6, 1944 The invasion of Normandy on D-Day finally provided the long-awaited western front. Germany was now engaged on three fronts in Europe [Italy, France, and the Soviet Union] and had to divert military resources to the western front. Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive and the beginning of the end for the Nazis. End of Germany Allied forces marched towards Berlin from the west as the Soviets moved towards Berlin from the east, laying the foundation for the post-war division of Berlin and Germany and Cold War tensions over the Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe. WWII in Japan In the Pacific, the US pursued a strategy of island-hopping. The goal was to get close enough to launch air attacks in preparation for an invasion of the Japanese home islands. The naval victory at Midway stopped the Japanese advance. Battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa demonstrated the tenacity of Japanese soldiers and the cost in American lives that any invasion of Japan would entail. Yalta Conference The United States was determined to have the participation of the USSR in any invasion of Japan and gained that agreement at a Big Three conference. As promised, soon after the war in Europe ended, the Soviet Union marched into Korea. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945 President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was designed to prevent the landing and fighting in Japan and consequently prevent large numbers of American casualties. Japanese Quits The Japanese surrendered unconditionally before any Allied troops landed and the end of the war put the US in Japan providing economic aid and military supervision to rebuild and democratize Japan. Atomic Bomb = Arms Race The use of the atomic bomb also had the effect of increasing the distrust between the US and the Soviet Union since the technology was not shared between the Allies. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki started an arms race with the Soviet Union. April 21st What led to the distrust between USSR and the US post-WWII? Which had a great impact on WWII- the dropping of the atomic bomb or Pearl Harbor? Explain. Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. USHC-7.4 Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel. Downfall of the Jews World War II had a devastating impact on the European Jewish community. German action against the Jews was part of the Nazi propaganda machine and was based on both Social Darwinism and longstanding prejudice. Anti-Semitism became the official policy of the German government in the early 1930s with the Nuremberg Laws, which restricted the rights of Jews and culminated with the Holocaust. The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group The program of genocide was carried out by the German government resulted in the extermination of eleven million Jews and other groups Before the start of WWII the response of the Allies to German anti-Semitic policies was severely limited. Although passage of the Nuremberg laws and the organized attacks on Jews such as Kristallnacht were widely reported, little action was taken by the world community stop Hitler. U.S. immigration laws were not reduced to grant refuge to the Jews. Once the war began, no military action was taken to interrupt the shipment of people to the death camps. As the war ended, the death camps of the Final Solution horrified both the soldiers who liberated these camps and the public. War Crimes The Allies responded to the war crimes committed during World War II by the Hitler and the other Nazi’s by identifying war criminals and putting them on public trial. Although Hitler committed suicide and so escaped prosecution, some Nazi officers and civilians were charged with crimes against humanity. Many said that they were “just following orders,” the conviction and death sentence of twelve Nazis demonstrated that individuals are responsible for their own actions. The Nuremberg trials established the precedent for future war crime trials. State of Israel The establishment of the state of Israel after the war, the recognition by the United States of Israel, and the United States’ support for Israel in the Middle East are a result of the impact of German war crimes on the conscience of the world and the United States. War crimes analysis November 6 What was the long-term, world-wide impact of the WWII war crime trials? Why was Israel created? Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. USHC-7.5 Analyze the impact of the Cold War on national security and individual freedom. Enemy of My Enemy… World War II was fought to stop Nazi aggression and preserve democracy in Europe, the war also made allies of the capitalist US and the communist USSR The US formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which established a military alliance aimed at the Soviet Union. The test explosion of an atomic bomb by the USSR led the US to accelerate the development of the hydrogen bomb and began a nuclear arms race. The Soviet Union organized the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of Eastern European nations and the Soviet Union for defense against NATO [1955]. The arms race raised fears that were reflected in the building of bomb shelters as well as in the popular culture. Containment Policy When the British were unable to support democracy in Greece; the US took up the effort, keeping it from Communism. The US became involved around the world in containing communism. Communism in Europe The Truman Doctrine pledged to contain communism in Europe and was first applied when the US supplied aid to Greece and Turkey to resist communists. USSR wanted to create a buffer zone on its eastern border so that Germany could not invade again. US wanted the states of Eastern Europe to be able to hold free and fair elections. The US supported their wartime allies in other regions. Berlin, divided at the end of World War II, became the first Soviet test of US policy when the Soviets blockaded Berlin. The US won this first Cold War confrontation with the Berlin Airlift by flying in supplies. USSR built the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin and keep people of the eastern block from escaping to the west through Berlin. Communism in Asia After a long civil war, democratic China fell to the communist forces led by Mao Zedong. In 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea. Believing that the invasion was created by the USSR, the Truman administration urged the UN to take action. The UN voted to demand a cease fire and supported a ‘police action’ to defend South Korea. American casualties turned public opinion against the war. Formal peace negotiations ended with North Korean forces contained above the 38th parallel, a victory for containment. Space Race The space race took off when the USSR launched Sputnik [1957]. US passed the National Defense Education Act to promote science and math skills and to counteract the fear that consumerism had made Americans less competitive. Eventually the US took the lead in the space race when the first man landed on the moon [1969]. Cold War At Home The anxiety caused by the fall of China, the atomic bomb, the Korean War, made Americans look for an enemy within. Propaganda and anti-Soviet media permeated the culture in the US and contributed to the climate of fear. Partisan politics caused Republicans to accuse the Democrats of being “soft on communism.” Republican McCarthy put his name to the anticommunist crusade Untrue accusations of affiliation with communism smeared countless diplomats, artists, and statesmen. Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro overthrew the Americanbacked dictator of Cuba. Castro developed a close relationship with the Soviet Union. The CIA invaded Cuba hoping to initiate a popular uprising against Castro [Bay of Pigs]. The plan failed and JFK became more determined in other areas such as Berlin and Vietnam. In the fall of 1963, American spy planes photographed nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba. Kennedy placed a naval blockade around Cuba. After thirteen days of escalating fear of nuclear war, an agreement was reached. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest that the US and USSR came to armed conflict during the Cold War In its aftermath, efforts were made to avoid nuclear war through the signing of a nuclear test ban treaty. Middle East Crisis The USSR increased its influence on Arab nations that opposed the creation of the state of Israel. Eisenhower intervened in the Suez Crisis [1956] and extended containment to the Middle East in the Eisenhower Doctrine. The importance of Middle East oil to the US economy led the US to engage in diplomacy to stop the oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in the 1970s. The United States attempted to facilitate peace in the Middle East, resulting in the Camp David Accords. In the 1950s, the CIA helped the Shah of Iran overthrow a rival who had attempted to nationalize foreign oil interests. Anger against the US led to the taking of the American embassy and the holding of over 150 hostages for more than a year in the 1970s. Relations with the regime in Iran continue to be strained today. Afghanistan When the USSR invaded Afghanistan, the US supported the Afghan resistance movement. These rebel groups evolved into the Taliban, which later harbored al Qaeda terrorism. End of the Cold War The Cold War ended as a result of changes within the USSR, the strain of the arms race, Soviet economy, and a movement for liberation in Eastern Europe. The 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, the most important symbol of the Cold War, marked the end of the Cold War. April 25th How did the US and USSR ‘fight’ without being in direct conflict with each other? Provide 4 examples! Quality Education Government investment in educational programs expanded the middle class and narrowed the gap between the rich and the poor in the postwar period. Veterans took advantage of the GI Bill to attend colleges and trade schools thus providing a skilled work force that would promote economic growth. The Cold War, intensified by the launch of Sputnik in 1957, resulted in an increased science and math in schools. Prosperity allowed young people to stay in school longer, at least through high school, and more young men and women attended college. Baby Boomers The end of the Great Depression and World War II contributed to an explosion in the birthrate in the 1950s. This baby boom led to an increase in the number of children and placed a strain on social institutions. Highways and Suburbs The wide availability of the car and the expansion of highways by the national government during the Eisenhower administration accelerated suburbanization. Shopping malls, motels, and fast food restaurants followed. As a result of the concentration of war industries in cities of the Northeast and the west coast, many African Americans moved from the South during the war and continued to move in the 1950s and 1960s to escape poverty and racism. These population shifts contributed to white flight. As middle and upper class people moved to the suburbs, so did jobs leaving the cities with high unemployment, limited services, and a shrinking tax base. New Economy Increased demand led to an increase in production, more jobs, and consequently an economic boom during the 1950s. The Cold War contributed to economic growth as the government spent more money on weapons systems and growing defense industries. The expanding consumer economy offered more jobs in ‘whitecollar’ rather than traditional ‘bluecollar’ manufacturing jobs. As middle class Americans had more money to spend, businesses offered more products to buy and advertised through expanding print and television. Television promoted a ‘buy now, pay later’ mentality based on a heavy use of credit cards which resulted in rising consumer debt. Scientific Advances Penicillin was used extensively during the war and stimulated the search for more antibiotics and other miracle drugs. In the postwar period, scientists developed various vaccines to prevent diseases such as polio New Technologies Surgeons who had treated wounded soldiers came home to develop new surgical techniques. Life-saving techniques impacted demographic patterns as the infant mortality rate fell and Americans lived longer. The demand for foods during the war and prosperity of the postwar period led to advances in agricultural technology. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers provided a greater array of foods and improved nutrition while fostering the consolidation of small farms into large commercial farms. Women When the war ended women were displaced from their wartime jobs by returning veterans. In the late 1940s and 1950s, many women returned to the traditional roles The consumer culture pushed women’s role as the chief consumer of the family was emphasized through advertising. Media glorified the role of homemaker. Although forty percent of women held jobs their career opportunities were limited. Few women were promoted to managerial positions and women’s pay was a lower. As more young women graduated from college, they were frustrated by their inability to find and advance in jobs that matched their skills. The publication of The Feminine Mystique in the early 1960s helped launched the modern women’s rights movement Questions to Answer What were the causes and consequences of social and cultural changes in postwar America? How did educational programs, consumer culture advances in medical and agricultural technology and expanding suburbanization help led to changes of standard of living? In American society, how was the roles of women in the home and at work in changed?