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Name:_____________________ Date:______________SCIN#____________ 1st Semester Final Exam Review Rocks are made up of __________________________ and other __________________________. There are _________ major categories of rocks, and 2 “in-between” states (magma and sediments) Let’s talk about the three categories of rocks. 1. Igneous- latin for ____________________. ________________ rocks form when ________________________ cools, ____________________, and forms a solid rock. Magma Igneous Rock Draw in the boxes. Name the most popular igneous rock ________________________. What’s the largest outcropping of granite in North America? Hint: it’s local When igneous rock forms inside the earth, it cools __________________. This causes ________________ crystals to form. When igneous rock forms on earth’s surface, it cools _________________. This causes _______________ crystals to form. 2. Sedimentary Rocks are made of _____________________. 3. Sediment are small, _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________. Water, wind, and ____________ can carry sediment and deposit it in layers. The steps for creating a sedimentary rock from sediment are: A. Erosion_______________________________________________________ ____________________ B. Deposition_______________________________________________________ _________________ C. Compaction_______________________________________________________ ________________ D. Cementation _______________________________________________________ ______________ Draw your own version of sedimentary rock formation here. There are 3 types of sedimentary rocks. List and give an example of each. A. Clastic:___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ex: B. _________________________-forms where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers Ex: C. Chemical __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Ex: 4. Metamorphic Rocks Meta means ______________________ and morphosis means ________________________. _____________________ and _______________________ deep beneath earth’s surface can change any rock into metamorphic rock. When I see the words _____________________ and _______________________ I automatically think: METAMORPHIC ROCK!!!! When a rock changes into metamorphic rock, its appearance, texture, crystal structure, and mineral composition change. Geologists classify metamorphic rocks by____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ What is a foliated rock? ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The Rock Cycle Forces inside Earth and at the surface ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Finish the diagram. Use page. 95 if you need some help. Use these terms: heat and pressure, erosion, cooling and hardening, melting and draw arrows to indicate the direction. One has been done for you. Erosion Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Molten Material Metamorphic Rock (Magma) Melting Scientists who study fossils are ____________________________. (pg. 286) Fossils are ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ They are found in ______________________ rock because the heat and pressure of a metamorphic rock or the melting of igneous rock would ______________________ them. Most fossils are found when living things are buried by sediment. The sediment ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. Most fossils form from animals or plants that once lived in or near quiet water such as __________________, lakes, or ________________ seas where sediments build up. Fossils found in rock include petrified fossils, molds and casts, carbon films, and trace fossils or when the remains of organisms are preserved in substances such as tar, amber or ice. There are two ways to determine the age of fossils. Their __________________ age is their age compared to the ages of other rocks. What’s your relative age? ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. The absolute age is the ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________. Tell your absolute age______________. The law of superposition states ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Label the layers of rock from youngest to oldest. There are exceptions to every rule!!! (except class rules ) Faults are ______________________________________. A fault is an exception to the law of superposition because faults are ___________________ than the rock they run through. Intrusions are another exception to the law of _________________________ because the intrusion is also always _____________________________ than the rock around it. An index fossil is useful because they tell the ___________________________ or the rock layers in which they occur. We use the ______________________________________________ to divide up earths history because it is so great! Who can even imagine millions or billions of years!!!! The geologic time scale is _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ In your own words: Why do you think that we even care about fossils? Describe the importance of studying the age of rocks and minerals and fossils. Use the boxes below to divide the geologic time into usable parts. Precambrian Time Use these terms to complete the box. Precambrian time, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras Include the organisms present. Reptiles, mammals, invertebrates, Describe in your own words: Paleontologists have learned a great deal from the study of fossils. What have they learned about the difference between the organisms from Precambrian time all the way through the Cenozoic Era? Draw and Label the layers of the Earth: The thickest layer is: ________________ Explain how temperature and pressure change as you travel The thinnest layer is: _________________ ________________________________________________ farther into the Earth: ______________________________ The _______________ and ______________ make up the Lithospehere. The ______________ makes up the Asthenosphere. The Lithosphere is divided into sections called: ______________ The supercontinent _____________ currents ____________ was made in the ___________ cause up of all the major the plates to move continents __________ _________ His theory is called is the guy that came up with __________________ the idea that continents _____________. move around List three types of evidence for How do scientists explain seeing the same type of fossil Continental Drift: on different continents? _________________________ a) _________________ ____________________________________________ b) _________________ ____________________________________________ c) _________________ The edges of tectonic plates are called: _____________________ List the three types of plate boundaries: 1) ____________________ 2) ____________________ 3) ____________________ Draw a picture to show how each plate boundary moves: (label each one) 1) 2) 3) The outer layer of Earth is composed of 2 types of crust: 1) _______________________ 2) ______________________ Mountains are formed from the Subduction zones are formed collision of from the collision of __________________ & __________________ & ___________________ crust. ___________________ crust. Example: Because the ________________ crust is denser than the ____________________ crust. Crust is _____________ here. Type of Boundary: Type of Fault: Real life Example: Type of Boundary: Type of Fault: Real life example: Type of Boundary: Type of Fault: Real life example: Label each fault and boundary correctly in the box beside it. Fault: Boundary: Fault: Boundary: Fault: Boundary: Label the hanging wall and the foot wall. How do you know the difference? ____________________ _____________________________________________ Earthquakes and Volcanoes occur, mostly, at _____________ _____________. The circular pattern of volcanoes and earthquakes that occurs in the pacific ocean forms along what We call the __________ ____ ________. This occurs at the edge of which tectonic plate? _________________ Where is the San Andreas Fault located? _________________ What type of fault is this? ________________________ _________________ Weathering is… Erosion is… Draw a picture of it below… Draw a picture of it below… Types of Weathering 2 Ways to prevent erosion: 3 examples: 3 examples: How can tree roots help to prevent erosion AND cause weathering to occur? _________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Which process would cause a mountain to become for rounded and flat? _____________________________________ The type of climate that causes weathering to happen the fastest is: ___________________ and ________________. SOIL is composed of ____________________ and _____________________. Matching: Humus _______ Leaching _______ Litter ________ Bedrock _______ Organic _______ Permeable _______ a. When water carries nutrients down to lower layers in the soil b. Rock that has tiny connected air spaces, and lets water run through it. c. The organic material in soil d. Soild, unweathered rock e. Twigs, leaves, and other organic matter on top of the soil f. Living or once living Label each horizon of soil. Which layer is only partly weathered rock? ________________ Which layer is weathered the MOST? _______________ Where would you find the most Humus? __________________