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Photosynthesis Notes Photosynthesis Notes Photosynthesis: process by which producers convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose (food). Importance: converts light energy into stored energy using inorganic materials Photosynthesis Reactants: carbon dioxide – 6CO2 water – 6H2O Products: glucose – C6H12O6 oxygen – 6O2 Photosynthesis Location: in the chloroplasts Photosynthesis Other Things Necessary: Chlorophyll: the light-capturing pigment found in the chloroplast that absorbs all wavelengths (colors) of light except green. Sunlight: autotrophs need light energy (sunlight) to transform reactants into products. Enzymes (specialized proteins): enzymes are needed to catalyze the reaction. Photosynthesis Equation Balanced Equation: Summary of Photosynthesis Chlorophyll and other pigments located in the chloroplasts absorb the sun’s energy, which stimulates carbon dioxide and water to react and form glucose and oxygen. The energy is stored in the bonds of the glucose. Organisms must break these bonds (do cellular respiration) to get the energy. Cellular Respiration Notes Cellular Respiration Process & Importance Cellular Respiration: process by which food energy (glucose) is broken down to form usable energy (ATP). Importance: Converts energy to a form that is directly usable by our cells (ATP)! Cellular Respiration Reactants & Products Reactants: glucose – C6H12O6 oxygen – 6O2 Products: carbon dioxide – 6CO2 water – 6H2O ATP (usable chemical energy) heat energy Cellular Respiration Location: in the mitochondria Animal Cells Animal Mitochondrion Plant Plant Cells Cellular Respiration Equation glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP + heat EXCEPT there are 2 BIG DIFFERENCES: 1. Although it’s a rapid process, glucose is broken down in our mitochondria in a series of steps (taken apart piece by piece.) Each step is dictated by a specific enzyme. 2. When energy is released, it is “repackaged” into 36 ATP molecules (chemical energy) that temporarily store the energy and carry it to where it is needed in the cell. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Objective 7: Describe how the ATP molecule is used to store energy. (phosphate bonds, ATP – ADP cycle) ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate): molecule that temporarily stores energy released from glucose and carries it to other parts of the cell. Has 3 bonds that store energy When a phosphate bond is broken, energy is released When a phosphate bond is made, energy is stored Chemical Energy and ATP ATP consists of: adenine ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) 3 phosphate groups Adenine ATP Ribose 3 Phosphate groups Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ATP ADP + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Energy Fully charged battery Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Energy ATP – ADP Cycle Energy Uses Objective 6: Provide three examples of how energy is used in living things. Energy is used by the cell to do work: 1. Movement: flagella, cilia, muscle contraction 2. Active transport: move molecules across cell membrane 3. Building up and breaking down large molecules **All organisms (heterotrophs and autotrophs) do cellular respiration!!** Aerobic v. Anaerobic Respiration Notes Two Types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Location: occurs in mitochondria Oxygen requirement: oxygen is required Amount of usable energy converted: 36 ATP for each molecule of glucose Process: glucose is broken down through a series of steps, piece by piece, so that a large portion of its stored energy can be utilized by the cell. This is the most efficient way to break down glucose. Waste products: water, carbon dioxide, and heat Two Types of Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Occurs in fully anaerobic organisms (never use oxygen) Occurs in aerobic organisms (i.e. humans) for short periods of time Location: occurs in cytoplasm Oxygen requirement: oxygen is not required Amount of usable energy converted: 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose Anaerobic Respiration Two major types: Alcoholic Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in yeast Waste products: alcohol and carbon dioxide Lactic Acid Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in animals, when no oxygen is present (when oxygen cannot get to muscles quickly enough) Waste products: lactic acid and carbon dioxide Comparing Cellular Respiration to Photosynthesis