Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2014 The Skeletal System, Part 2 Be familiar with the following terms BEFORE COMING TO LAB: 1. Inter- 2. Infra- 3. Extra- 4. Hiatus 5. Costal 6. Supra- 7. Sub- 8. Tubercle 9. Epi- 10. Condyle 11. Epicondyle 12. Axillary 13. Meta- 14. Os 15. Symphysis 16. Apex 17. Carpals 18. Tarsals 19. Phalanges 20. Endo- 21. Peri- In Class: be able to identify the following on the skeleton and on disarticulated bones. Be sure to feel the italicized structures on your own body I. Vertebral Column and Thorax A. Vertebrae 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cervical Vertebrae – in neck region. They contain transverse foramina. Their spinous processes may be bifurcating (forked) Thoracic Vertebrae – articulate with the ribs. Spinous processes are long and point downward. “Giraffe face.” Locate facet for tubercule of ribs Lumbar Vertebrae – in lower back region. Thick, heavy bodies. Spinous processes are short and point straight backwards. “Moose face” Sacrum – 5 fused bones See below Coccyx – 3-5 fused bones. “Tail bone” Know # vertebrae in each region – breakfast, lunch, and dinner analogy For the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, know the following: 1. Body 2. Vertebral foramen – found WITHIN individual vertebrae 3. Spinous process 4. Transverse processes 5. Transverse foramina – only found in cervical vertebrae 6. Superior articular processes 7. Inferior articular processes 8. Inferior vertebral notch – where present 9. Intervertebral disc (on intact skeleton) – cartilage BETWEEN vertebrae 10. Intervertebral foramen (on intact skeleton) - found BETWEEN vertebrae B. 1. 2. Be able to identify: Atlas (C1) – the only vertebra that lacks a body Axis (C2) and the dens (odontoid process) (sticks up like sore thumb) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. For the sacrum, know the following: Sacral promontory Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crests Sacral canal Sacral hiatus Sternum 1. 2. 3. 4. C. Manubrium Body Xiphoid process – often broken off during CPR Sternal angle Ribs 1. Three Types of Ribs a. True ribs - #1-7. Cartilage articulates directly with sternum b. False - #8-12. Cartilage does NOT directly articulate with sternum Floating - #11-12. These last 2 ribs have no cartilage 2 2. II. Parts of the Ribs to Identify a. Head b. Body c. Articulating tubercle – articulates with facet of thoracic vertebrae d. Costal groove (feel on lower portion of the back of ribs) e. Costal cartilage – attaches ribs #1-10 to sternum Upper Extremities A. Clavicle B. Scapula 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. C. Glenoid cavity – articulates with head of humerus Spine Supraspinous fossa – depression above spine on posterior surface Infraspinous fossa – depression below spine on posterior surface Subscapular fossa – depression on anterior surface Acromion process - posterior Coracoid process - anterior Medial (vertebral) margin Lateral (axillary) margin Scapular notch Humerus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Be Able to Identify Right and Left Bones!!! Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical head Capitulum Trochlea Coranoid fossa Olecranon fossa Radial fossa – articulates with head of radius Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle D. Ulna (has U-shaped proximal portion) – medial forearm. NOTE: many structures on proximal ulna articulate with those on the distal humerus 1. Olecranon process – fits into olecranon fossa 2. Trochlear (semilunar) notch – articulates with trochlea 3. Coronoid process – fits into coronoid fossa 4. Radial notch – articulates with radius 5. Styloid process E. Radius – lateral forearm 1. Head 3 2. 3. 4. F. III. Neck Radial tuberosity Styloid process Hand – you are responsible for all bones as seen on intact hand 1. Carpals – wrist bones Proximal row - pisiform, triquetal (trianglular), lunate, scaphoid Distal row - hamate, capitates, traphoid, trapezium 2. Metacarpals – 5 hand bones 3. Phalanges – 14 finger bones Proximal, middle, and distal for 4 fingers; thumb lacks a middle phalange Lower Extremities A. Os Coxae – hip bones; composed of Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis. “Bone Phone” analogy 1. Acetabulum 2. Obturator foramen Ilium 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Iliac crest Anterior superior and anterior inferior iliac spines Posterior superior and posterior inferior iliac spines Sacroiliac joint Greater sciatic notch Ischium 8. Ischial spine 9. Ischial tuberosity 10. Lesser sciatic notch Pubis 11. Pubic symphysis B. Femur 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera (“white line”) Patellar surface – on distal anterior surface; articulates with patella Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar surface 4 C. Patella 1. 2. 3. D. Tibia 1. 2. 3. 4. E. Lateral malleolus Foot – you are responsible for all bones as seen on intact foot 1. 2. 3. IV. Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula 1. F. Apex Anterior surface Posterior surface Tarsals – heel bones Calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuniforms (medial, intermediate, lateral), cuboid Metatarsals – 5 foot bones Phalanges – 14 toe bones Proximal, middle, and distal for 4 toes; great toe lacks middle phalange Types of Bones A. B. C. D. E. Long bone – elongated (examples = humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna) Short bone – phalanges Irregular bones – vertebrae, ox coxa, sphenoid Sesmoid bones – patella Wormian (sutural) bones – “extra bones” found between sutures in skull V. Know at least 3 differences between a male and female pelvis VI. Be able to identify bone structures on microscope slides and the bone model Osteon, osteocytes, concentric lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central (Haversian) canal VII. Whole Bone –be able to locate the following: A. B. C. D. E. F. Diaphysis – compact bone: red bone marrow Epiphysis - trabecular (spongy): yellow bone marrow Volkmann canal Articular cartilage Endosteum Periosteum 5