Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2 Biology Additional Science Key Recall Questions *Cover up the answers, ask yourself a question (or get your partner to ask you), if you get it right then tick the chart, wrong put a cross. Keep practising until all columns are ticked! B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.1_Cells and Simple cell transport Key Recall Question Answer 1. What are the main parts of animal cells? 2. Which parts of a cell are found in plant cells but not animal cells? 3. What cell parts do plant and algal cells have in common? Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes 4. Which parts do bacterial cells contain? Cytoplasm, ribosomes, genes (that are not a distinct nucleus) and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm surrounded by a cell wall. 5. Which parts do yeast cells contain? Cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole 6. What is the function of a nucleus of a cell? To control the activities of the cell and to store the genetic information. 7. If a cell has adapted to do a particular function, what is it said to be? 8. What is the function of cytoplasm? Specialised To provide a place for most of the chemical reactions to take place. 9. What is the function of a cell To control the passage of substances into and out of the cell. membrane? 10. What is the function of mitochondria? To provide a place for most of the energy in respiration to be released. Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.1_Cells and simple cell transport Key Recall Question 1. Where does protein synthesis in the cell happen? 2. Which feature do plant and algal cells have which help them to strengthen their cells? 3. What is the function of the chloroplasts in plants and algal cells? 4. What is found inside the permanent vacuole of plants and algal cells? 5. What is the difference between a plant and algae? 6. What is important about the genetic information in a bacterial cell? 7. How do dissolved substances move in and out of cells? 8. Define diffusion 9. What will affect the rate of diffusion? 10. Which important gas passes through cell membranes into cells? Answer Ribosomes They have cell walls made of cellulose They absorb light energy to make food (carry out photosynthesis) Cell sap Algae is made up of single celled organisms (algal cells) plants are multicellular (lots of specialised plant cells working together) It is not inside a distinct nucleus. Through cell membranes by diffusion Diffusion is the spreading of the particles of a gas or of any substances in solution from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. The size of the concentration gradient (differences in concentration of the particles on each side of the membrane). The higher the gradient, the faster diffusion is. Oxygen Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.2_Tissues, organs and organ systems Key Recall Question 1. What does multicellular mean? 2. What is a tissue? 3. What is an organ? 4. What is an organ system? 5. What is a differentiated cell? 6. What is the function of muscular tissue? 7. What is glandular tissue? Answer An organism with a number of cells which work together to carry out functions. A group of cells with similar structure and function which work together to carry out a particular function e.g. muscle Different types of tissue which work together to carry out a function e.g. the heart. A group of organs all working together to carry out a particular function. A cell which has specialised to carry out a particular function e.g. nerve cell (neurone) To contract and relax to bring about movement. A tissue which produces substances such as enzymes and hormones (e.g. ovary) 8. What is epithelial tissue? A tissue which covers some parts of the body (a sort of lining of the body) 9. Which 3 main tissues does the stomach Muscular tissue (to churn food), glandular tissue (to produce contain? digestive juices) and epithelial tissue (to cover the outside and inside of the stomach) Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.2_Tissues, organs and organ systems/B2.3_Photosynthesis Key Recall Question Answer 1. What are the 3 main organs of plants? Roots, stems and leaves 2. What tissue are plants covered in? Epidermal 3. Which tissue is responsible for carrying out most photosynthesis? 4. Which tissue transports water around the plant? 5. Which tissue transports sugars around the plant? 6. What are the reactants needed for photosynthesis? 7. What are the products of photosynthesis? 8. Which type of energy is essential for photosynthesis to take place? 9. Which organelle (part of a cell) carries out photosynthesis? 10. What is the name of the green substance which captures light energy (and is found in chloroplasts) to enable photosynthesis? Mesophyll Xylem Phloem Water and Carbon dioxide Glucose and oxygen Light energy Chloroplast Chlorophyll Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.3_Photosynthesis/B2.4_organisms and their environment Key Recall Question 1. Where does the water, required by plants, come from? 2. What three factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis? 3. How is glucose used by plants and algae? (there are a number of ways) 4. What else do plants need to absorb from the soil to produce proteins? 5. Which six physical factors affect organisms? 6. Which two methods can be used to collect quantitative data on the distribution of organisms? 7. Why should a large sample size be used when sampling data? 8. What is another term for non-living factors? 9. What is another term for living factors? Answer The soil Shortage of light, low temperatures and shortage of carbon dioxide It is converted to insoluble starch (for storage), used in respiration, used to produce fat, oil, cellulose (which strengthens cell walls) and proteins Nitrate ions Temperature, availability of nutrients, amount of light, availability of water, availability of oxygen and availability of carbon dioxide Random sampling using quadrats and sampling along a transect To make the results more valid (you can calculate a mean, identify anomalous results, look for patterns, etc) Abiotic Biotic Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.5_Proteins Key Recall Question 1. Which molecule are proteins made from? 2. What happens to the long chains formed by these molecules? 3. What do proteins act as? Answer Amino acids They are folded up into a specific shape 4. What do catalysts do? Structural components of tissues (e.g. muscles), hormones, antibodies and catalysts. The increase the rate of chemical reactions 5. What are biological catalysts called? Enzymes 6. Which type of molecule are enzymes made from? 7. What property of enzymes is vital for it’s function? 8. What do high temperatures do to enzymes? 9. What other factor is important for enzymes to function correctly? 10. Where do enzymes work? Proteins The shape of the enzyme molecule They change their shape (so the enzyme becomes denatured) pH Inside and outside of cells Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.5_Proteins Key Recall Question 1. Where are digestive enzymes produced? 2. What is the general function of digestive enzymes? 3. Where is the enzyme amylase produced? 4. What does amylase do? 5. Where is the enzyme protease produced? 6. What does protease do? 7. Where is the enzyme lipase produced? 8. What does lipase do? 9. Why does stomach protease work best in acid conditions? 10. Approximately what is the pH of the acid in the stomach? Answer By specialised cells in glands and the lining of the gut. They breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules. In the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine. It catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine. In the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine. It catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. In the pancreas and small intestine. It catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. Because the stomach produces hydrochloric acid. 2 Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.5_Proteins Key Recall Question 1. Where is ‘bile’ produced? 2. What does bile do? 3. Do enzymes in the small intestine prefer alkaline or acid conditions? 4. Which sort of organisms produce enzymes which pass out of cells? 5. How are microorganisms which secrete enzymes useful? 6. Which two enzymes are present in biological detergents (washing powders)? 7. How does having enzymes in biological detergents help them to perform better? 8. How are proteases used in industry? 9. How are carbohydrases used in industry? 10. How is isomerase used in industry? 11. What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry? 12. What is the disadvantage of using enzymes in industry? Answer The liver It acts in the small intestine to neutralise the acid from the stomach. Alkaline (this is why the bile is added to neutralise the acid, it also makes the solution slightly alkaline) Microorganisms They have many uses in the home (e.g. biological detergents) and in industry (baby foods, slimming foods) Proteases and lipases They are more effective at low temperatures (high temperatures will denature the enzymes in them) To pre-digest baby food (making it easier for babies to digest their food) To convert starch into sugar syrup To convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter, and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in slimming foods. They can bring about reactions at normal temperatures and pressures that would otherwise be expensive and energy demanding. Enzymes are denatured at high temperatures and expensive to produce. Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.6_Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Key Recall Question 1. What are chemical reactions inside the body controlled by? 2. What are the reactants of aerobic respiration? 3. What are the products of aerobic respiration? 4. Where, in the cell, do most of the reactions in aerobic respiration take place? 5. How is energy produced by respiration used by ALL organisms? 6. How is energy produced by respiration used by mammals? 7. How is energy produced by respiration used by animals and birds? 8. How is energy produced by respiration used by plants? 9. What are the two main ways the body responds during exercise? 10. Why does the body respond to exercise in this way? Answer Enzymes Glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide and water (and energy) Mitochondria To build larger molecules from smaller ones To enable muscles to contract To maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings To build up sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then used to make proteins Increased heart rate and rate and depth of breathing increases To increase blood flow to muscles, so increase glucose and oxygen supply to them (increasing rate of respiration so more energy is produced) and increase the rate of removal of carbon dioxide. Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.6_Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Key Recall Question Answer 1. Which substance do muscles store glucose as? 2. What happens to the stored glucose in muscles during exercise? 3. Why do muscles carry out anaerobic respiration? 4. How does the breakdown of glucose differ in aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 5. What is the product of anaerobic respiration? 6. How does the amount of energy produced differ in aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 7. How is the oxygen debt produced by anaerobic respiration repaid? 8. Why do muscles become fatigued? Glycogen 9. What does ‘fatigued’mean? Muscles stop contracting efficiently 10. What is one of the causes of muscle fatigue? The build up of lactic acid Converts glycogen to glucose If too little oxygen is reaching them during exercise Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose Lactic acid Less is produced in anaerobic Lactic acid is oxidized (using oxygen) to carbon dioxide and water If they are subjected to long periods of vigorous activity Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.7_Cell division and inheritance Key Recall Question Answer 1. How are chromosomes normally arranged in body cells? 2. What is the name of the type of cell division seen in body cells? 3. What do chromosomes contain? In pairs 4. What first happens to the genetic material when a body cell divides? 5. How many times does a body cell divide? 6. How does the genetic information of a new cell, produced by a body cell dividing, compare with the original cell? 7. How many sets of chromosomes does a human body cell have? 8. How many sets of chromosomes do sex cells have? 9. What is another name for ‘sex cells’? It is copied 10. What are the human reproductive organs which produce gametes called? Testes (male) and ovaries (female) Mitosis Genetic information Once They are identical Two One Gametes Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.7_Cell division and inheritance Key Recall Question 1. What is the name of the type of cell division that produces gametes? 2. What first happens to the genetic material when a cell divides to form gametes? 3. How many divisions does an original cell go through to produce sex cells? 4. How many gametes are formed after one original cell divides? 5. How many sets of chromosomes do these gametes contain? 6. How does the genetic information of gametes compare to the original cell? 7. What happens at fertilisation? 8. What type of cell division happens once and egg has been fertilised? 9. When do animal cells differentiate compared to plant cells? 10. Why do mature animal cells divide? Answer Meiosis Copies of the genetic material are made. Two Four one They have half of the information Gametes join to form a single body cell with a new pair of chromosomes. Mitosis Animal cells differentiate at early stages, whereas many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life. To repair and replace old cells Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions 2.7_Cell division and inheritance Key Recall Question 1. Where do human stem cells come from? 2. What can human stem cells have the ability to do? 3. What sort of conditions is it hoped that stem cells will be able to treat? 4. What is asexual reproduction? 5. What do you call the cells produced by asexual reproduction? 6. How does the genetic information in a cell produced by asexual reproduction compare to the original cell? 7. How does sexual reproduction give rise to variation? 8. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human body cell? 9. What are the female sex chromosomes called? 10. What are the male sex chromosomes called? Answer Embryos and adult bone marrow Develop into any type of human cell Paralysis, other nerve/brain conditions Reproduction without the need for fertilisation (mitosis from a single cell) Clones They are identical. Because when gametes fuse, one of each pair of alleles comes from each parent. 23 XX XY Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions B2.7_Cell division and Inheritance Key Recall Question Answer 1. How are inherited characteristics controlled? 2. What is an allele? Some are controlled by a single gene, others are controlled by a number of genes. A different form of a gene 3. What is a dominant allele? An allele which controls a characteristic when it is present on only one of the chromosomes in the pair. An allele which controls the development of characteristics only if the dominant allele is not present. Deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) which has a double helix structure. A small section of DNA 4. What is a recessive allele? 5. Which molecule are chromosomes made from and what is its structure like? 6. What is a gene? 7. What does a gene contain? 9. What are genetic disorders? The genetic code for a particular sequence of amino acids which makes a specific protein. Each person has a unique DNA which can be used to identify individuals. Disorders which are inherited due to mutations in genes. 10. What is ‘polydactyly’? When a person is born with extra digits (fingers and/or toes). 11. How is polydactyly inherited? It is caused by a dominant allele and can be passed on by only one parent who has the disorder. 8. How does DNA fingerprinting work? Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions 2.7_Cell division and inheritance Key Recall Question 1. What is cystic fibrosis? 2. How is cystic fibrosis inherited? 3. What does a ‘carrier’ mean? 4. How can you carry out screening for these disorders? 5. What ideas did Mendel propose and why was this discovery not recognised until after his death? 6. Which organism did Mendel carry out most of his research on? 7. What is a monohybrid cross? Answer A disorder of cell membranes which makes patients produce more mucus (particularly in lungs) than normal. It is a recessive disorder so both parents must be carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele. Someone who has the allele for a disorder but does not have the disorder themselves. Carriers can only be present in inherited disorders which are recessive. You can screen embryos for the alleles of genetic disorders. 9. What does genotype mean? He suggested that ‘factors’ were inherited, scientists did not know about genes at the time so did not know what these ‘factors’ were. He looked at pea plants (height, colour of peas and shape of peas) A cross (joining of gametes) between organisms which looks at only one allele at a time. Homozygous means both alleles which code for a particular protein are the same (bb or BB), heterozygous means alleles are different (Bb). A description of the alleles present. e.g. Bb 10. What does phenotype mean? A description of the observed characteristic e.g. brown hair. 8. What does homozygous and heterozygous mean? Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions 2.8_Speciation Key Recall Question 1. Where does evidence for early forms of life come from? 2. Why are scientists not certain about how life began on Earth? 3. What is a fossil? 4. What are the four ways which fossils are formed? 5. What can we learn from fossils? 6. How might extinction be caused? 7. How do new species arise? Answer Fossils Because early forms of life did not leave much fossil evidence, they did not have bones and may have been disrupted by the Earth’s natural movements. The ‘remains’ of organisms from many years ago, found in rocks. 1. From the hard parts of animals that do not decay easily. 2. From parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent e.g. oxygen. 3. What parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay. 4. As preserved traces of organisms e.g. footprints, burrows and rootlet traces. How much or little organisms have changed as life developed on Earth. By changes to the environment, new predators, new diseases, new and more successful competitors, a single catastrophic event e.g. volcano or the cyclical nature of speciation. (natural selection) They are isolated (two populations become separated), these populations have genetic variation, natural selection takes place (genetic differences or variation, leads to better survival, increased chance of breeding, more offspring with the variation) and speciation occurs (populations are now so different they cannot breed together) Question Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: Date: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7