Download 3 limiting factors: Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + Water à Glucose

B2. 1 Cells and simple transport
Structure
Present in:
Animals/Plants/
Bacteria or Yeast
Animal/Plant/Yeast
All
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Permanent
vacuole
Plasmids
of organisms.
Function
Animal/Plant
Animal/Plant
Plant (and Algae)
Plant
Controls activity of cell.
Controls passage of substances in and
out of the cell.
Strengthens the cell.
Where most of chemical reactions
take place.
Site of protein synthesis.
Site of respiration (Energy).
Contains chlorophyll-Photosynthesis.
Filled with cell sap.
Bacteria
Extra genetic Material.
Plant/Yeast/Bacteria
All
B2.2.2 Photosynthesis and distribution
DNAAmino acid sequenceProteinsSpecific Enzyme (Biological catalysts)
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen.
Lock and key theory:
Glucose from photosynthesis is stored as
starch or respired to make energy.
Respiration
Oxygen + Glucose  Water + Carbon dioxide
+ ENERGY
Function
Glands
Producer digestive
juices and enzymes.
Stomach
Low pH- digestion
occurs.
Small intestine
Digestion and
reabsorption.
Large intestine
Liver
Plant cell
Function
Breaks starch into sugars
Protease
Stomach, Pancreas, Small intestines.
Lipase
Pancreas, Small intestines.
Breaks proteins into
amino acids
Breaks lipids into fatty
acids and glycerol
Factors affecting enzyme activity:

Temperature

pH
The optimum environment for each enzyme is different.
Moving away from the optimum can cause enzymes to denature.
Enzymes at work

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Biological
detergents
Pre-digest baby
food
Convert starch to
sugar-syrup
Additional Biology (B2)
B2.7 Cell division and Simple Inheritance
Diffusion: Net movement from high
concentration to a low concentration.
Water is absorbed
from undigested
food.
Mitosis:

Generates new
body cells.

Genetically
identical cells
produced.
23 pairs of
chromosomes
B2.6 Respiration
46 pairs of
chromosomes
Aerobic respiration (In the presence of oxygen):
Oxygen + Glucose  Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy
6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy
Heart rate increases
Breathing rate and depth increases
Blood flow to muscles increases
23 pairs of
chromosomes
each.
Anaerobic respiration (In the absence of oxygen):
Glucose  Lactic acid + (Some) Energy
Anaerobic respiration is very inefficient- this leads to an oxygen debt that has to
be repaid in order to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
Meiosis:

Generates gametes.

Each gamete has a single
set of chromosomes.

Occurs in testis and
ovaries.
23 pairs of
chromosome
s
46 pairs of
chromosomes
23 pairs of
chromosomes
each.
The effects of exercise on respiration:
Anaerobic respirations causes fatigue.
Where it is made
Salivary glands, Pancreas, Small intestines.
Animal cell
Produces bile to
neutralise food
from stomach.



Enzyme
Amylase
Leaf adaptations
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems  Whole organism
Digestive
organs
B2.5 Proteins, Enzymes and Catalysts
3 limiting factors:



4x GAMETES with
23 single
chromosomes each
Gametes from two parents fuse in fertilisation to produce a
new body cell that divides by mitosis (Embryo). This causes
Variation.
The embryo has lots of stem cells.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type.










DNA- Genetic material with a double helix
structure.
Gene- Small section of DNA
Chromosome- Made up of DNA, carry
genes.
Allele- A different form of a chromosome.
Dominant allele- controls the characteristic
when it is present in only one of the
chromosomes.
Recessive allele- controls the characteristic
when it is present in both of the
chromosomes.
Homozygous- Both alleles are the same
Heterozygous- Alleles are different.
Haploid- Half the genetic material.
Diploid- Full amount of genetic material.
B2.8 Old & New
species
Fossils = Evidence of early life forms = Evidence
of evolution.
Fossil formation:



Causes of extinction:




Genetic disorders:
Polydactyly- Dominant
Cystic fibrosis- Recessive
Hard parts of animals that do not decay
(Lack of conditions).
Parts of animals/plants replaced by
minerals.
As foot prints/traces.
Changes to environment
New predators / diseases
More successful competitors
Natural catastrophic event
Genetic cross for polydactyly (DD / Dd)
Formation of new species:
Father
(Dd)
Mother
(dd)
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Chance of
inheriting
polydactyly from a
homozygous mother
(dd) and a
heterozygous father
(Dd).



Geographical isolation
Natural selection
( Mutations  Variation  Successful
breeding  New species)