Download B2_Key Recall Questions

B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2 Biology
Additional Science
Key Recall
Questions
*Cover up the answers, ask yourself a question (or get your partner to ask you), if you get it
right then tick the chart, wrong put a cross. Keep practising until all columns are ticked!
B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.1_Cells and Simple cell transport
Key Recall Question
Answer
1. What are the main parts of animal
cells?
2. Which parts of a cell are found in plant
cells but not animal cells?
3. What cell parts do plant and algal cells
have in common?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
4. Which parts do bacterial cells contain?
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, genes (that are not a distinct nucleus)
and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm surrounded by a
cell wall.
5. Which parts do yeast cells contain?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall,
chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
6. What is the function of a nucleus of a
cell?
To control the activities of the cell and to store the genetic
information.
7. If a cell has adapted to do a particular
function, what is it said to be?
8. What is the function of cytoplasm?
Specialised
To provide a place for most of the chemical reactions to take
place.
9. What is the function of a cell
To control the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
membrane?
10. What is the function of mitochondria? To provide a place for most of the energy in respiration to be
released.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.1_Cells and simple cell transport
Key Recall Question
1. Where does protein synthesis in the
cell happen?
2. Which feature do plant and algal cells
have which help them to strengthen their
cells?
3. What is the function of the
chloroplasts in plants and algal cells?
4. What is found inside the permanent
vacuole of plants and algal cells?
5. What is the difference between a plant
and algae?
6. What is important about the genetic
information in a bacterial cell?
7. How do dissolved substances move in
and out of cells?
8. Define diffusion
9. What will affect the rate of diffusion?
10. Which important gas passes through
cell membranes into cells?
Answer
Ribosomes
They have cell walls made of cellulose
They absorb light energy to make food (carry out
photosynthesis)
Cell sap
Algae is made up of single celled organisms (algal cells) plants
are multicellular (lots of specialised plant cells working
together)
It is not inside a distinct nucleus.
Through cell membranes by diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading of the particles of a gas or of any
substances in solution from a region of higher concentration to
a region of lower concentration.
The size of the concentration gradient (differences in
concentration of the particles on each side of the membrane).
The higher the gradient, the faster diffusion is.
Oxygen
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.2_Tissues, organs and organ systems
Key Recall Question
1. What does multicellular mean?
2. What is a tissue?
3. What is an organ?
4. What is an organ system?
5. What is a differentiated cell?
6. What is the function of muscular
tissue?
7. What is glandular tissue?
Answer
An organism with a number of cells which work together to
carry out functions.
A group of cells with similar structure and function which work
together to carry out a particular function e.g. muscle
Different types of tissue which work together to carry out a
function e.g. the heart.
A group of organs all working together to carry out a particular
function.
A cell which has specialised to carry out a particular function
e.g. nerve cell (neurone)
To contract and relax to bring about movement.
A tissue which produces substances such as enzymes and
hormones (e.g. ovary)
8. What is epithelial tissue?
A tissue which covers some parts of the body (a sort of lining
of the body)
9. Which 3 main tissues does the stomach Muscular tissue (to churn food), glandular tissue (to produce
contain?
digestive juices) and epithelial tissue (to cover the outside and
inside of the stomach)
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.2_Tissues, organs and organ systems/B2.3_Photosynthesis
Key Recall Question
Answer
1. What are the 3 main organs of plants?
Roots, stems and leaves
2. What tissue are plants covered in?
Epidermal
3. Which tissue is responsible for carrying
out most photosynthesis?
4. Which tissue transports water around
the plant?
5. Which tissue transports sugars around
the plant?
6. What are the reactants needed for
photosynthesis?
7. What are the products of
photosynthesis?
8. Which type of energy is essential for
photosynthesis to take place?
9. Which organelle (part of a cell) carries
out photosynthesis?
10. What is the name of the green
substance which captures light energy
(and is found in chloroplasts) to enable
photosynthesis?
Mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Water and Carbon dioxide
Glucose and oxygen
Light energy
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.3_Photosynthesis/B2.4_organisms and their environment
Key Recall Question
1. Where does the water, required by
plants, come from?
2. What three factors can limit the rate of
photosynthesis?
3. How is glucose used by plants and
algae? (there are a number of ways)
4. What else do plants need to absorb
from the soil to produce proteins?
5. Which six physical factors affect
organisms?
6. Which two methods can be used to
collect quantitative data on the
distribution of organisms?
7. Why should a large sample size be
used when sampling data?
8. What is another term for non-living
factors?
9. What is another term for living factors?
Answer
The soil
Shortage of light, low temperatures and shortage of carbon
dioxide
It is converted to insoluble starch (for storage), used in
respiration, used to produce fat, oil, cellulose (which
strengthens cell walls) and proteins
Nitrate ions
Temperature, availability of nutrients, amount of light,
availability of water, availability of oxygen and availability of
carbon dioxide
Random sampling using quadrats and sampling along a
transect
To make the results more valid (you can calculate a mean,
identify anomalous results, look for patterns, etc)
Abiotic
Biotic
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.5_Proteins
Key Recall Question
1. Which molecule are proteins made
from?
2. What happens to the long chains
formed by these molecules?
3. What do proteins act as?
Answer
Amino acids
They are folded up into a specific shape
4. What do catalysts do?
Structural components of tissues (e.g. muscles), hormones,
antibodies and catalysts.
The increase the rate of chemical reactions
5. What are biological catalysts called?
Enzymes
6. Which type of molecule are enzymes
made from?
7. What property of enzymes is vital for
it’s function?
8. What do high temperatures do to
enzymes?
9. What other factor is important for
enzymes to function correctly?
10. Where do enzymes work?
Proteins
The shape of the enzyme molecule
They change their shape (so the enzyme becomes denatured)
pH
Inside and outside of cells
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.5_Proteins
Key Recall Question
1. Where are digestive enzymes
produced?
2. What is the general function of
digestive enzymes?
3. Where is the enzyme amylase
produced?
4. What does amylase do?
5. Where is the enzyme protease
produced?
6. What does protease do?
7. Where is the enzyme lipase produced?
8. What does lipase do?
9. Why does stomach protease work best
in acid conditions?
10. Approximately what is the pH of the
acid in the stomach?
Answer
By specialised cells in glands and the lining of the gut.
They breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules.
In the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.
It catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth
and small intestine.
In the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine.
It catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the
stomach and small intestine.
In the pancreas and small intestine.
It catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty
acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
Because the stomach produces hydrochloric acid.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.5_Proteins
Key Recall Question
1. Where is ‘bile’ produced?
2. What does bile do?
3. Do enzymes in the small intestine
prefer alkaline or acid conditions?
4. Which sort of organisms produce
enzymes which pass out of cells?
5. How are microorganisms which secrete
enzymes useful?
6. Which two enzymes are present in
biological detergents (washing powders)?
7. How does having enzymes in biological
detergents help them to perform better?
8. How are proteases used in industry?
9. How are carbohydrases used in
industry?
10. How is isomerase used in industry?
11. What are the advantages of using
enzymes in industry?
12. What is the disadvantage of using
enzymes in industry?
Answer
The liver
It acts in the small intestine to neutralise the acid from the
stomach.
Alkaline (this is why the bile is added to neutralise the acid, it
also makes the solution slightly alkaline)
Microorganisms
They have many uses in the home (e.g. biological detergents)
and in industry (baby foods, slimming foods)
Proteases and lipases
They are more effective at low temperatures (high
temperatures will denature the enzymes in them)
To pre-digest baby food (making it easier for babies to digest
their food)
To convert starch into sugar syrup
To convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much
sweeter, and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in
slimming foods.
They can bring about reactions at normal temperatures and
pressures that would otherwise be expensive and energy
demanding.
Enzymes are denatured at high temperatures and expensive to
produce.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.6_Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Key Recall Question
1. What are chemical reactions inside the
body controlled by?
2. What are the reactants of aerobic
respiration?
3. What are the products of aerobic
respiration?
4. Where, in the cell, do most of the
reactions in aerobic respiration take
place?
5. How is energy produced by respiration
used by ALL organisms?
6. How is energy produced by respiration
used by mammals?
7. How is energy produced by respiration
used by animals and birds?
8. How is energy produced by respiration
used by plants?
9. What are the two main ways the body
responds during exercise?
10. Why does the body respond to
exercise in this way?
Answer
Enzymes
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water (and energy)
Mitochondria
To build larger molecules from smaller ones
To enable muscles to contract
To maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings
To build up sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino
acids which are then used to make proteins
Increased heart rate and rate and depth of breathing increases
To increase blood flow to muscles, so increase glucose and
oxygen supply to them (increasing rate of respiration so more
energy is produced) and increase the rate of removal of carbon
dioxide.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.6_Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Key Recall Question
Answer
1. Which substance do muscles store
glucose as?
2. What happens to the stored glucose in
muscles during exercise?
3. Why do muscles carry out anaerobic
respiration?
4. How does the breakdown of glucose
differ in aerobic and anaerobic
respiration?
5. What is the product of anaerobic
respiration?
6. How does the amount of energy
produced differ in aerobic and anaerobic
respiration?
7. How is the oxygen debt produced by
anaerobic respiration repaid?
8. Why do muscles become fatigued?
Glycogen
9. What does ‘fatigued’mean?
Muscles stop contracting efficiently
10. What is one of the causes of muscle
fatigue?
The build up of lactic acid
Converts glycogen to glucose
If too little oxygen is reaching them during exercise
Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose
Lactic acid
Less is produced in anaerobic
Lactic acid is oxidized (using oxygen) to carbon dioxide and
water
If they are subjected to long periods of vigorous activity
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question
Answer
1. How are chromosomes normally
arranged in body cells?
2. What is the name of the type of cell
division seen in body cells?
3. What do chromosomes contain?
In pairs
4. What first happens to the genetic
material when a body cell divides?
5. How many times does a body cell
divide?
6. How does the genetic information of a
new cell, produced by a body cell dividing,
compare with the original cell?
7. How many sets of chromosomes does
a human body cell have?
8. How many sets of chromosomes do sex
cells have?
9. What is another name for ‘sex cells’?
It is copied
10. What are the human reproductive
organs which produce gametes called?
Testes (male) and ovaries (female)
Mitosis
Genetic information
Once
They are identical
Two
One
Gametes
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question
1. What is the name of the type of cell
division that produces gametes?
2. What first happens to the genetic
material when a cell divides to form
gametes?
3. How many divisions does an original
cell go through to produce sex cells?
4. How many gametes are formed after
one original cell divides?
5. How many sets of chromosomes do
these gametes contain?
6. How does the genetic information of
gametes compare to the original cell?
7. What happens at fertilisation?
8. What type of cell division happens
once and egg has been fertilised?
9. When do animal cells differentiate
compared to plant cells?
10. Why do mature animal cells divide?
Answer
Meiosis
Copies of the genetic material are made.
Two
Four
one
They have half of the information
Gametes join to form a single body cell with a new pair of
chromosomes.
Mitosis
Animal cells differentiate at early stages, whereas many plant
cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.
To repair and replace old cells
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question
1. Where do human stem cells come
from?
2. What can human stem cells have the
ability to do?
3. What sort of conditions is it hoped that
stem cells will be able to treat?
4. What is asexual reproduction?
5. What do you call the cells produced by
asexual reproduction?
6. How does the genetic information in a
cell produced by asexual reproduction
compare to the original cell?
7. How does sexual reproduction give rise
to variation?
8. How many pairs of chromosomes are
there in a human body cell?
9. What are the female sex chromosomes
called?
10. What are the male sex chromosomes
called?
Answer
Embryos and adult bone marrow
Develop into any type of human cell
Paralysis, other nerve/brain conditions
Reproduction without the need for fertilisation (mitosis from a
single cell)
Clones
They are identical.
Because when gametes fuse, one of each pair of alleles comes
from each parent.
23
XX
XY
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.7_Cell division and Inheritance
Key Recall Question
Answer
1. How are inherited characteristics
controlled?
2. What is an allele?
Some are controlled by a single gene, others are controlled by
a number of genes.
A different form of a gene
3. What is a dominant allele?
An allele which controls a characteristic when it is present on
only one of the chromosomes in the pair.
An allele which controls the development of characteristics
only if the dominant allele is not present.
Deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) which has a double helix
structure.
A small section of DNA
4. What is a recessive allele?
5. Which molecule are chromosomes
made from and what is its structure like?
6. What is a gene?
7. What does a gene contain?
9. What are genetic disorders?
The genetic code for a particular sequence of amino acids
which makes a specific protein.
Each person has a unique DNA which can be used to identify
individuals.
Disorders which are inherited due to mutations in genes.
10. What is ‘polydactyly’?
When a person is born with extra digits (fingers and/or toes).
11. How is polydactyly inherited?
It is caused by a dominant allele and can be passed on by only
one parent who has the disorder.
8. How does DNA fingerprinting work?
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question
1. What is cystic fibrosis?
2. How is cystic fibrosis inherited?
3. What does a ‘carrier’ mean?
4. How can you carry out screening for
these disorders?
5. What ideas did Mendel propose and
why was this discovery not recognised
until after his death?
6. Which organism did Mendel carry out
most of his research on?
7. What is a monohybrid cross?
Answer
A disorder of cell membranes which makes patients produce
more mucus (particularly in lungs) than normal.
It is a recessive disorder so both parents must be carriers of
the cystic fibrosis allele.
Someone who has the allele for a disorder but does not have
the disorder themselves. Carriers can only be present in
inherited disorders which are recessive.
You can screen embryos for the alleles of genetic disorders.
9. What does genotype mean?
He suggested that ‘factors’ were inherited, scientists did not
know about genes at the time so did not know what these
‘factors’ were.
He looked at pea plants (height, colour of peas and shape of
peas)
A cross (joining of gametes) between organisms which looks at
only one allele at a time.
Homozygous means both alleles which code for a particular
protein are the same (bb or BB), heterozygous means alleles
are different (Bb).
A description of the alleles present. e.g. Bb
10. What does phenotype mean?
A description of the observed characteristic e.g. brown hair.
8. What does homozygous and
heterozygous mean?
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
2.8_Speciation
Key Recall Question
1. Where does evidence for early forms
of life come from?
2. Why are scientists not certain about
how life began on Earth?
3. What is a fossil?
4. What are the four ways which fossils
are formed?
5. What can we learn from fossils?
6. How might extinction be caused?
7. How do new species arise?
Answer
Fossils
Because early forms of life did not leave much fossil evidence,
they did not have bones and may have been disrupted by the
Earth’s natural movements.
The ‘remains’ of organisms from many years ago, found in
rocks.
1. From the hard parts of animals that do not decay easily.
2. From parts of organisms that have not decayed because
one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent
e.g. oxygen.
3. What parts of the organism are replaced by other materials
as they decay.
4. As preserved traces of organisms e.g. footprints, burrows
and rootlet traces.
How much or little organisms have changed as life developed
on Earth.
By changes to the environment, new predators, new diseases,
new and more successful competitors, a single catastrophic
event e.g. volcano or the cyclical nature of speciation. (natural
selection)
They are isolated (two populations become separated), these
populations have genetic variation, natural selection takes
place (genetic differences or variation, leads to better survival,
increased chance of breeding, more offspring with the
variation) and speciation occurs (populations are now so
different they cannot breed together)
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