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You May Ask Yourself An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Dalton Conley SECOND EDITION Chapter 8 Gender © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Sex, Sexuality, and Gender • Sex refers to the natural or biological differences that distinguish males and females. • Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. • Gender is a social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex. 2 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Sex: A Process in the Making • Many believe that there are only two sexes — male and female — and that all people fall into one group or the other. • However, evidence suggests that we need to embrace a more expansive definition of sex that goes beyond two rigid and distinct categories. 3 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Gender: What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or a Man)? • Gender roles are sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as a male or female. • Evidence shows that gender roles have more to do with social status than biology. 4 Feminism © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Feminism is an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect. 5 Feminism © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Feminism seeks to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. • Gender structures social relations on unequal ground, and thus power is fundamentally at play when we talk about gender differences. 6 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The Woman Question • A wide range of theories and approaches have been applied to the study of gender, including structural functionalism, psychoanalytic theory, conflict theory, microinteractionist theory, postmodern theory, middle-range theories, and ideas from black feminists. 7 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The Woman Question • Structural Functionalist Approach of studying gender: – Assumes that gender differences exist to fulfill necessary functions in society – Doesn’t allow for the possibility that other structures could fulfill the same function or for the fact that structures change throughout history 8 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The Woman Question • Psychoanalytic theories of studying gender: – focus on individualistic explanations for gender differences as opposed to societal ones. – Inherent in these theories is the notion that there are natural differences between men and women that dictate how they behave. 9 The Woman Question © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Conflict theories argue that patriarchal capitalists benefit through systems that subordinate women. 10 The Woman Question © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Socialist feminists argue that all social relations, including relations between workers and the owners of the means of production, stem from unequal gender relations. • Social constructionists argue that gender is a process that people participate in with every social interaction they have. 11 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The Woman Question • Black feminists – pointed out that gender doesn’t function in a vacuum and that gender studies must take into account that there is no single category of women or men – They also pointed out that some women are not only more privileged than other women but also more privileged than some men. 12 The Woman Question © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Postmodern theorists question the whole notion of “woman” as a separate, stable category and question the value and appropriateness of Western scholars applying their cultural logic to the study of non-Western societies. 13 The Woman Question © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Middle-range theories may be the most useful in addressing the complicated subject of gender because they connect people’s dayto-day experiences to larger social forces. 14 Sociology in the Bedroom © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Much like gender differences, sexual practices vary across time and place, supporting the notion that sexuality is as much a social construct as gender. 15 Sociology in the Bedroom © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. • Homosexuality, which refers to the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with people of the same sex, is a concept or identity that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century. 16 Sociology in the Bedroom © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Interview, Paula England Paula England discusses her research on hooking up and romantic relationships among college students. 17 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind • Studies show that gender inequality is rampant in schools. • Boys and girls are treated differently by teachers, and there are different expectations for their behavior and performance. • The textbooks and other materials used in schools often reinforce gender stereotypes. 18 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Gender in the Workplace • Women still face many challenges in the working world today, including unequal pay, sexual harassment, sexism, tracking to certain kinds of jobs, the “feminization” of jobs, the glass ceiling, and more. 19 © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Gender in the Workplace • “Opting out” refers to a perceived trend among mostly middle-class women of leaving the workforce to be full-time wives and mothers, in large part because of frustrations with the many obstacles they face on the job and the sense that they can find fulfillment in the home. 20 Concept Quiz 1. Gender studies can be said to focus on the relationship between _______. © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. a) b) c) d) nature and nurture sex and sexuality men and women sexual preference and social environment 21 Concept Quiz © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 2. _______ is a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity. a) b) c) d) Patriarchy Sexism Matriarchy Hegemonic masculinity 22 Concept Quiz © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 3. Michel Foucault argued that the development of homosexuality as a social identity was related to ________. a) changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man b) the development of scientific disciplines and a desire to monitor and categorize people and their behavior c) the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries d) society’s need to establish cohesion by identifying “others” who exhibit “deviant” behavior 23 Concept Quiz © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 4. Sexual harassment is an illegal form of discrimination that can be manifested through ___________, with the intent of making a person, usually a woman, feel uncomfortable or unsafe, particularly in a work setting. a) b) c) d) inappropriate jokes sexual assault requests for sexual favors all of the above 24 Concept Quiz © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 5. Women working in male-dominated professions often find that there are ________ opportunities for advancement, and men working in female-dominated professions often advance _________ their female colleagues. a) b) c) d) limited; more slowly than limited; as quickly as ample; as quickly as limited; more quickly than 25 Discussion Questions 1. Which do you identify as? a) male b) female 2. Which are you better at? © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. a) math b) English 26 Discussion Questions 3. Which do you identify as? a) male b) female © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 4. Let’s say you are on a first date with a person of the opposite sex. Who should pay? a) b) c) d) the the The The man woman person who did the inviting should pay. man and woman should split the bill. 27 Why does Egyptian feminist Nawal el Saadawi argue that makeup is a “postmodern veil”? How have gender norms changed throughout history and across cultures? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Why would a sociologist disagree with the arguments about gender that John Gray poses in Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company David Reimer was subjected to gender reassignment surgery at 18 months old. What does his story tell us about the relationship between biological sex and gender identity? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A Greek statue from the fifth century BCE. How is the premodern “one-sex” model a good example of the ways that we socially construct gender? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Elizabeth Grosz uses a Möbius strip, such as this one drawn by M. C. Escher, as a model for sex and gender. Even though the ants appear to be above or below each other, they are really You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition on the same side of the strip. Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Hijras embracing at a wedding. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The Toilette of Venus by Peter Paul Rubens. What explanations do sociologists offer for changing ideals of beauty? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company In the 1950s, Talcott Parsons advanced the idea that the nuclear family effectively reared children to meet the labor demands of a capitalist system. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company What did sociologist Janet Lever observe about the difference between the types of games that boys play versus those favored by girls? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Many conflict theorists argue that patriarchal capitalists benefit through systems that subordinate women. For instance, many cotton mills in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries hired young, unmarried women and required them to live in company You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition boarding houses so that they could regulate their behavior. Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Patricia Hill Collins criticized feminist leaders such as Betty Friedan (pictured above in the red dress), Billie Jean King (in tan pants and a blue shirt on the left), or Bella Abzug (in gray dress, with the hat) for ignoring the experiences of thousands of workingYou May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition class and nonwhite women. Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company An ancient Greek image of two male lovers. How can comparing social patterns of sexuality across cultures and throughout history help sociologists understand modern sexuality? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A cartoon illustrating Oscar Wilde’s sodomy trial from the May 1895 issue of Police News. Wilde was convicted of gross indecency for his homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas. He served two years of hard labor in prison. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Thousands participate in a 2003 gay pride parade. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company How do travesti challenge common binary models of understanding gender and sexuality? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Paula England. To see an interview with England about hook-up culture, go to wwnorton.com/studyspace. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Figure 8.1 Percentage of High School Students Who Have Had Sex, 1991–2007 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Teenagers at Silver Ring Thing, a faith-based abstinence-only program held at a church in Canton, Ohio. According to research by social scientists, what are the results of abstinence-only programs? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Figure 8.2 College Enrollment by Gender, 1965–2006 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A 1975 survey of children’s books found that boys played active roles but girls were frequently passive. What messages about gender roles might readers learn from this Dick and Jane book? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Figure 8.3 Increase of Women in the Workforce You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Figure 8.4 Pay Discrepancy Based on Gender You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Fourth-grade teacher Ryan Fittje is the only male teacher at his Fremont, Nebraska, school. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A U.S. soldier prepares to distribute water to Iraqis in Al Faw, Iraq. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Molly Pitcher at the battle at Monmouth. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A World War II poster featuring Rosie the Riveter. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint Presentation for Chapter 8: Gender For more learning resources, please visit our online StudySpace at: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/soc/conley2/ W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned 54