Download Sea Water - Ross Koning

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ECSU Biology Club
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9 PM November 13
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Tropical Biology (Costa Rica)
Biology 320
May 20-31, 2008
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Disposing of Wastes
Regulation of body fluids
Plant cells respond to their environmental solution
plasmolysis
http://botanika.biologija.org/zeleniskrat/slike/slike_drobnogled/Elodea/Elodea_list02.jpg
The plant cell wall prevents bursting. A plant cell is normally
bathed in a very hypotonic solution. It takes in water until the
cell is full.
A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution loses water.
Ultimately outward flow stops when the cytosol concentration
matches that of the solution.
µg element ml-1 sap
Yearly changes in nitrogen and potassium concentrations
in xylem sap of apple trees in New Zealand
200
blossom time
K
160
fruit harvest
120
80
N
40
0
Aug
Oct
Dec
Feb
Apr
Jun
sampling date
The range of concentrations are far greater
than animal cells could tolerate
The capillaries
of the stomach
and intestine
absorb
enough
nutrients that
would swamp
animal cells.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The concentrations of nutrients are regulated by the human liver
The circulation
via the portal
vein goes to
the capillaries
in the liver.
These
regulate blood
concentration.
Blood Glucose
The vertebrate liver absorbs
excess glucose (forming
glycogen)
high
And it releases that glucose
when needed later
entering liver
leaving liver
normal
low
meal
rest
exercise
Time (hours)
This is a basic example of homeostatic regulation
The liver:
• Regulates blood glucose levels via glycogen.
• Converts fermentation-produced lactic acid into glycogen.
• Interconverts carbohydrates into fats, conversions of fats, and amino
acids into carbohydrates or fats.
• Deaminates amino acids and converts the resulting ammonia into urea
and uric acid and releases these nitrogenous wastes into the
bloodstream.
NH3
ammonia
O
NH2
O=C
NH2
urea
NH
HN
=O
O
NH
NH
uric acid
• Detoxifies a wide range of toxic chemicals including alcohol.
• Produces blood plasma proteins: fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin,
globulins…recycles aging red blood cells
• Produces bile for fat emulsification.
Ion concentration in sea water and body fluids (mM)
Na+
Ca2+
K+
Mg2+
Cl-
470
9.9
10.2
53.6
548
Jellyfish (Aurelia)
454
10.2
9.7
51.0
554
Sea urchin (Echinus)
444
9.6
9.9
50.2
522
Lobster (Homarus)
472
10.0
15.6
6.8
470
Crab (Carcinus)
468
12.1
17.5
23.6
524
Mussel (Anodonta)
14
0.3
11.0
0.3
12
Crayfish (Cambarus)
146
3.9
8.1
4.3
139
161
7.9
4.0
5.6
144
Honeybee (Apis)
11
31.0
18.0
21.0
--
Japanese beetle (Popillia)
20
10.0
16.0
39.0
19
Chicken (Gallus)
154
6
5.6
2.3
122
Human (Homo)
140
4.5
2.4
0.9
100
Sea Water
http://www.pacificislandbooks.com/aurelia.jpg
Marine invertebrates
Freshwater invertebrates
Terrestrial animals
Cockroach (Periplaneta)
What conclusion do you draw from this?
Osmotic concentration of body fluids
Which invertebrate shows osmotic regulation?
Carcinus
Maia
http://www.peixosdepalamos.com/img/p
roductes/fitxa_productes/cabra.jpg
http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/images/
NIMPIS/Carcinus_maenas2.jpg
Nereis
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_(epitoke).jpg
/800px-Nereis_succinea_(epitoke).jpg
Salt Water Brackish Water Fresh Water
Osmotic concentration of medium
Quiz 11--Lauryn Bonanno please see me.
One student missed only two questions, but I adjusted each
earned score by three questions. So the 94.1% was increased
to 102.9%. Two people therefore were at 100% or
better…Congratulations!
The average quiz score after adjustment was 74.2%
The current average of course averages is 78.7% so we are
still basically at the B/C border.
We are slipping a bit, however, and I attribute that change to
the increasing number of late lab papers and the penalties
associated with them. Please don’t torpedo your own grades.
Plantae: Vegetative due today before 5 PM.
First Draft of Term Project due Monday! If received the
following Monday (after Thanksgiving) it will be a 70% penalty!
OUCH! Jodi Lavoie please see me.
Ion concentration in sea water, body fluids, and fresh water (mM)
Na+
Ca2+
K+
Mg2+
Cl-
470
9.9
10.2
53.6
548
Brown trout (Salmo)
144
6.0
5.3
--
151
Crayfish (Cambarus)
146
3.9
8.1
4.3
139
Mussel (Anodonta)
14
0.3
11.0
0.3
12
0.65
0.01
0.2-5.0
0.2
0.5
Sea Water
Freshwater
http://www.flyandfield.com/newimages/desig
n3/pictures/eastlake-brown-big.jpg
Freshwater organisms
What conclusion do you draw from this?
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/bluegill4.jpg
in hypotonic medium
salts
water
salts
dilute urine
Saltwater Blue-spotted Grouper
(Cephalopholis argus)
in hypertonic medium
salts+
water
water
salts
isotonic urine
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bluespotted.grouper.arp.jpg/793px-Blue-spotted.grouper.arp.jpg
Freshwater Bluegill
(Lepomis macrochirus)
Fluid elimination per minute
(µm3/100µm3 of protoplasm)
7
6
5
4
contractile
vacuole
3
2
0
10
20
30
40
Osmotic concentration of medium
(% of seawater concentration)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg
Amoeba proteus
1
0
50
water
salts
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Contractile vacuole filling
The vacuole moves to the cell membrane and empties by exocytosis
full
emptying
empty
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Paramecium
food vacuole
Land Planaria
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Bipalium
Cryptic Coloration:
hiding strategy
Marine Planaria
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/eiis/factshot/images/landplanaria.jpg
Aposematic Coloration:
warning strategy
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.tropicaldesigns.com/june05/Aposematic-lg.jpg
http://marenostrum.org/nuestrascostas/cbbuceo/puntaferro/fotoslluisalbert/planaria.jpg
NH3
Na+
H2O
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Planaria excretory system
Flame cell
Lumbricus terrestris
http://iris.cnice.mecd.es/biosfera/alumno/1bachillerato/animal/imagenes/nervio/lumbricus.jpg
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Each earthworm segment has its own nephridium
Earthworm (Lumbricus) nephridium
Na+
H2 O
Ion pumping removes
Na+
Reabsorption into
Water follows
capillaries
osmotically
nephrostome
Concentrated
urine empties
through the NH
3
outside body wall
nephridiopore
NH3
Na+
H2 O
Pressure forces
coelomic fluid into
opening
Polyplacophora: chitons
The most-primitive mollusc has 8
valves (plates) protecting its soft
tissues beneath. The chiton foot
attaches to rocks and the animal
uses its radula to scrape organic
material from the rock surfaces.
http://www.dec.ctu.edu.vn/sardi/mollusc/images/chiton.jpg
http://www.birdsasart.com/red%20Chiton.jpg
This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three
principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass
(internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves).
dorsal aorta
gonad
valve plates
heart
pericardial cavity
(coelom)
ventricle
hemocoel
auricle
radula
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
gland
ventral
gonopore
nerve cord
(not shown)
How does a bivalve eliminate waste?
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/images/other_spec/scallop_eyes.jpg
This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the photo.
The foot can push a
bivalve through
sediments.
The food-trapping
gills are used for
gas exchange.
The heart pumps
the blood into the
hemocoel bathing
the tissues. It goes
through the gills
for gas exchange.
The blood then
returns to the heart.
hinge and ligament
shell
heart
nephridium
intestine
mantle
gonad
gills
foot
Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.
Insects use Malpighian tubules for waste elimination
Malpighian tubules
hindgut (intestine)
midgut
crop
anus
rectum
salivary gland
http://www.ibdhost.com/demo/gallery/albums/bugs/grasshopper.jpg
mouth
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Because insects have an open circulation system…
Waste elimination is more tied to digestion than to circulation
prostate
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The renal excretory system in a male human (Homo sapiens)
Females do not have a prostate valve and have a shorter urethra
Longitudinal section diagram of a human kidney
renal circulation
system
renal functional system
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
filtration and
concentration
unit for blood
collection
and
ducting
Nephron Structure and Function: similar to a nephridium
renal
cortex
renal
medulla
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
to renal
pelvis
Glomerulus function: the
capillary leaks water, ions,
and waste molecules into
Bowman’s capsule
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Glomerulus structure: the proteins and blood cells are
retained, but water, electrolytes and other small
molecules are filtered out.
Bowman’s proximal
capsule
tubule
• filtration
• osmosis of water
1
3
4
6
8
10
12
H2O
descending loop of Henle
• ducting for ammonia and
uric acid elimination
cortex
Na+ Cl-
collecting duct
• concentration of urine
solute concentration in hundreds of milliosmoles per liter
• active and passive
recovery of salt
distal
tubule
ascending loop of Henle
Functions of the nephron:
outer
medulla
Na+ Cl-
inner
medulla
urea
to renal
pelvis
Active transport of Na+ against its concentration gradient
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
phospholipid
bilayer
K/Na antiport ATPase
transport protein
Na+
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Na+
Na+
+ Pi
Na+
This is obviously not only active transport but also an antiport system
Plantae: Vegetative
The highest score was 104%. Congratulations!
Six people earned 100% or more! Congratulations!
The average on the exercise was 96.6%. Congratulations!
This average does not include the four papers that were late.
Your score will be included in the course average update on
Quiz 12 to be given next week on Thursday.
Pictogram of movement through the nephron
Bowman’s
capsule
salt
proximal tubule
water
distal tubule
urea
collecting duct
loop of Henle
to renal pelvis
Nephron: renal capillaries recover sodium and water into the
blood after filtration of small molecules
proximal tubule
Bowman’s
capsule
distal tubule
renal artery
glomerulus
renal vein
loop of Henle
collecting
duct
ureter