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GHCHS, World History, Period 1. 10.4 Students analyze patterns of global change in the era of New Imperialism in at least two of the following regions or countries: Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America, and the Philippines. Julia Worcester Nicole Briceno Natalie Vargas Justin Brady Zack Kalvin AFRICA Vocabulary Ch 11 Sec 1 pg 339-344 Imperialism- the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism- the application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies, particularly as justification for imperial expansion Berlin Conference- at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa Shaka- a Zulu chief that created a large centralized state Boers- a Dutch colonist of south Africa Boer War- a conflict lasting from 1899 to 1902 in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in south Africa Many nations looked to Africa as a source of raw materials and as a market for industrial projects Stronger communities began to dominate the political, economic, and social life of the weaker countries African armies were able to keep the Europeans out of Africa for almost 400 years Forces driving imperialism Ch 11 Sec 1 pg 340. The industrial Revolution provided European countries with a reason to add lands to their control The race for colonies grew out of a sense of national pride Europeans believed they were responsible to bring the results of their progress to other countries The maxim gun was the world first automatic machine gun and most European countries quickly acquired it while Africa's were relying on outdated weapons • A Zulu chief, creates centralized state around 1816 • In1887 British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation • Boers, or Dutch farmers, take Africans’ land, establish large farms • Boers clash with British over land, slaves and they more north to escape the British • Begins in 1899 and is between Britain and Boers • British win, in 1910 Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (Picture: Boer soldiers) SOUTH EAST ASIA Pacific Rim • The countries that border the Pacific Ocean • Western nations desired the Pacific Rim lands for their strategic location along the sea route to China. • Westerners recognized the value of the Pacific colonies as sources of tropical agriculture, minerals, and oil. • European powers appreciated the value of the area, they challenged each other for their own parts of the prize. Malaysia Malaysia had large deposits of tin and became the worlds leading rubber exporter. Needing workers to mine the tin and rubber tap trees, Britain encouraged Chinese to migrate to Malaysia. The Malays became a minority in their own country due to China’s migration. Colonial Impact In Southeast Asia, colonization brought mixed results. Economies grew based on cash crops or goods that could be sold on the world market. Roads, harbors, and rail systems improved communication and transportation. However, education, health, and sanitation did improve. Religion Unlike other colonial areas, millions of people from the other areas of Asia and the world migrated to work on plantations and in the mines of Southeast Asia. The region became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists. The resulting cultural changes often led to racial and religion clashes. Siam Siam (present-day Thailand) maintained its independence during the colonial period. Siam lay between British-controlled Bruma and French Indochina. France and Britain each aimed to prevent the other from gaining control of Siam. Siamese kings skillfully promoted Siam as a neutral zone between the two powers. CHINA -Chinese were very high self esteemed. -Spanish and Portuguese traders brought -maize -sweet potatoes -peanuts from Americas - helped increase the productivity of China’s land -fed its huge population - Extensive mining and manufacturing industries. Colonial Rule -Dowager Empress Cixi held the reins of power in China from 1862-1908. -sphere of influence- an area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment. Rise of Industrial economies pg 371 -Chinese looked down on all foreigners -Englishmen brought gifts of West’s most advanced technology -clocks -globes -musical instruments - hot air balloon -not interested in getting influenced form the West -China had a had a healthy agricultural economy. -rice from South East Asia largely self-sufficient -U.S. and China were trading partners -worried that other nations would soon divide China into formal colonies to prevent, U.s declared Open Door Policy- China’s doors were to be open to merchants of all nations. -Protection freed China from colonization -campaign against the Dowager Empress’s rule and foreigner privilege was called Boxer Rebellion. Independence Struggles Growing Internal problems -Foreigners -Large Population -Number of Chinese grew to 430 million by 1850 (Taiping Force surrounds and destroys an enemy village) (A gang of boxers attacks Chinese Christians.) INDIA British Imperialism in India British economic interest in India began in the 1600. A British East India Company set up post in Bombay and became the leading trading power in India. India is the second most populated nation in the world and adopted some of its modern political institutions from the British. British Expand Control over India East India Company controlled most of India and eventually governed directly or indirectly most of southern India and part of the north. India was Britain’s major supplier of raw materials for their industrial workshops which is why the British considered India “jewel in the crown”. The British restricted Indian economy from operating on it’s own. British transport trade goods – India became increasingly valuable to the British due to their railroad which helped them transport goods. Impact of Colonialism – India benefited and was also harmed by British colonialism. On the negative side the British held much of the political and economic power and threatened traditional Indian life. On the positive side the British had installed the 3rd larges railway which enabled India to develop a modern economy and brought unity. The Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel against the British After increased economic problems and growing feelings of resentment and nationalism a group of Sepoy’s rebelled against the British. The Sepoy Mutiny was an uprising that took place in May 10, 1857 and they took over Delhi. The Indians could not reunite due to religious differences and although they fought against the British they lost. The Turning Point The British government took direct command in India. Raj referred to a rule where a cabinet minister in London directed policy and a British governor-general carried out the orders in India Nationalism Surfaces in India After the demands for more modernization Ram Mohun Roy believed some parts of Indian life needed to be changed or the British would always be in control. Indians hated a system that made them second class citizens Nationalist Groups Form Indian National Congress - 1855 Muslim League - 1906 Both groups called for self-government They were split between Muslims and Hindus and this made it difficult to claim independence Social Class in India British Army Social class determined the way the of life for the British Army Upper-class men served as officers Lower-class men served at lesser rank Indian Servants Caste determined Indian occupations Divided into four broad categories called varna Jobs were regulated by varnask LATIN AMERICA Vocabulary Ch 12 Sec 3 pg. 382-387 Caudillo: a military dictator of Latin American. Monroe Doctrine: Document issued by James Monroe stating that “the American continents . . . Are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” Jose Marti: A writer exiled from Cuba by the Spanish, returned to launch a second war for Cuban independence. Spanish-American war: 1898 U.S. joined the Cuban for their independence. Lasted 4 months. Panama Canal: Human made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, built by the United States and opened in 1914 Roosevelt Corollary: It stated that no European countries were allowed to intervene in Latin American affairs. Latin America After Independence pg 382 Colonial legacy Unequal distribution of land. Landowners got wealthier after the independence and took over land owned by natives. Peonage - Little better than slaves. Inherited debt and worked for the landowners. Political Instability Caudillos ruled the people through fear. Domingo Sarmiento – Reform-minded president from Argentina improved education served from 1868-1874. Mainly controlled by upper middle class Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence. Ch 12 Sec 3 pg. 383 1800’s Britain and then later the U.S. became Latin America’s main trading partners. They depended on exports no matter whom they were trading with. The steamship and the creation of the railroads in the 19th century increased Latin Americas trade. Outside investment and interference – other countries often lent money which caused Latin American countries to go into debt. Which brought foreign countries to take over the funded industries. Latin America pg 382 Political independence meant little for most citizens of the new Latin American nations. Both before and after independence most Latin Americans worked for large landowners, for low wages. Many new Latin American governments took over the lands of native people and the Catholic Church. Caudillos were the head of the army/ military dictators. Panama Canal Ch 12 Sec 3 pg 387. Human-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, built in Panama by the United States and opened in 1914. It is one of the major foundation blocks that promoted industrialism growth. The Philippines • On July 4, united states declared independence on the • • • • Philippines. In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos became an authoritarian ruler and stole money from the government, in 1972 he imposed marital law. In 1986 Marcos was forced in to exile when he attempted to falsify the result of the 1986 election. Corazon Aquino became president. After declaring independence the Philippine nationalist were defeated and established Philippine republic The United States wanted to help the Philippine build a self ruled government. But the U.S had other plans and cause food shortages in the Philippines by using cash crop. After the Americans won the Spanish-American war they decided to take over the Philippines. Around the mid 19th century, the Philippines had an urge to expand the continent for various reasons Americans believed to be superior to the other people. America wanted a balance of trade America needed to make exports exceed imports. America was looking for fresh land to conquer (islands in warm oceans). America sought to spread Christianity. There was the necessity of annexing some property. America had a strong sense of nationalism during the era known in Europe as the Race for Empire. • This what the Philippine’s counter argument. (or what they wanted instead of war). Fighting erupted between U.S. and Philippine revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 4, 1902. which is the reason why we have independence day.
