Download What Are Viruses? - Union City High School

Press the F5 button on your
keyboard to begin.
Viruses and the Lytic Cycle
GET STARTED
ARE VIRUSES
ALIVE?
THE LYTIC
CYCLE
attachment
entry
replication
assembly
release
Place your keyboard aside.
You will navigate with your mouse.
QUIZ
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
Artist drawing of a virus
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
Actual picture of a virus
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on
the type of nucleic acid they possess.
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
HOME
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
The polio virus attacks the central
nervous system and weakens muscles.
BACK
What Are Viruses?
HOME
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
Measles affects the respiratory
system and causes a rash.
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
Influenza (flu) symptoms
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
Small pox and chicken pox are diseases
caused by DNA viruses.
DNA molecule
HOME
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
Small pox and chicken pox are diseases
caused by DNA viruses.
HOME
The smallpox virus caused fluid
filled blisters. Due to global
vaccination, smallpox has been
eradicated (eliminated).
BACK
What Are Viruses?
HOME
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
Small pox and chicken pox are diseases
caused by DNA viruses.
The chicken pox virus causes an
itchy rash.
BACK
What Are Viruses?
Viruses by definition are kinda hard to
describe. They are biological particles made
of protein and nucleic acid.
The outer layer of a virus is called the
capsid. It is made from various proteins.
Inside the virus is where you can find the
nucleic acid. Viruses either contain DNA or
RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that
scientists will classify viruses is based on the
type of nucleic acid they possess.
For instance, the flu, polio, and measles are
diseases all caused by RNA viruses.
Small pox and chicken pox are diseases
caused by DNA viruses.
Are viruses even alive? Let’s look at this in
more detail.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
Autotroph
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their
surroundings.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their
surroundings.
This insect has adapted to resemble
leaves.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their
surroundings.
Bacteria have adapted to resist
antibiotics.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their
surroundings.
Cuttlefish (type of squid) have
adapted the ability to change colors.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
HOME
Organism?
Organ
systems?
Organs
?
correct
Tissue
?
Click the correct box above:
What are cells organized into?
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
Organism?
Organ
systems?
HOME
correct
Organs
?
Click the correct box above:
What are tissues organized into?
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
Organism?
HOME
correct
Organ
systems?
Click the correct box above:
What are organs organized into?
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
And organ systems are organized
into an overall organism.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Bacteria reproduce asexually simply
by splitting themselves in two.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
HOME
parent
Bud/baby
Jellyfish can reproduce asexually by
“budding” where a new jellyfish
grows off the parent.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Flowering plants reproduce sexually
with the help of pollinators such as
butterflies, bees, and birds.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
HOME
Virus
Are viruses made from cells?
Cell
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Are viruses made from cells?
No. As stated earlier, viruses are particles of
protein and nucleic acid. They do not
possess organelles such as ribosomes,
mitochondria, or even a cell membrane.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Do viruses require energy?
Autotroph
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Do viruses require energy?
No. All life needs to feed in some way
whether they are autotrophs or
heterotrophs. But viruses do not require
energy to survive. They do not feed in any
way.
Autotroph
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Are viruses able to adapt to their
surroundings?
“Walking stick” insects have
adapted to look like sticks to hide
from predators.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
HOME
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Are viruses able to adapt to their
surroundings?
Yes. This is why you must get a flu shot
every year. A flu shot from 2 years ago will
not protect you from the current version of
the flu virus. The flu virus has changed and
adapted over the years.
Flu shots need to be taken
yearly.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Do viruses have organization?
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Do viruses have organization?
Yes. Although viruses are not organized in
the same manner of cells, they have inner
nucleic acid and an outer layer of protein. As
we will see these virus parts play specific
functions in the “life” of a virus.
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Do viruses reproduce?
HOST CELL
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
Do viruses reproduce?
This is tricky because viruses don’t
reproduce themselves. They direct a host
cell into making new virus copies. But since
viruses possess the ability to pass their
genes onto the next generation…. yes…
viruses do reproduce.
HOST CELL
HOME
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
HOME
Virus
virus
DNA
HOST CELL
Do viruses reproduce?
This is tricky because viruses don’t
reproduce themselves. They direct a host
cell into making new virus copies. But since
viruses possess the ability to pass their
genes onto the next generation…. yes…
viruses do reproduce.
Viruses will land on a host
and inject their DNA.
BACK
Are Viruses Alive?
Scientists have identified a few basic
features that all life on Earth seems to
possess:
All life is made from at least one cell.
All life requires energy.
All life is able to adapt to their surroundings.
All life has organization.
All life reproduces.
virus
virus CELL
HOST
virus
Do viruses reproduce?
This is tricky because viruses don’t
reproduce themselves. They direct a host
cell into making new virus copies. But since
viruses possess the ability to pass their
genes onto the next generation…. yes…
viruses do reproduce.
HOME
Virus
DNA
virus
virus
Once inside, the virus DNA
directs the host into making
new viruses.
BACK
So… Are Viruses Alive?
Currently, science agrees on 6 large
categories of life called “kingdoms.”
Examine the picture to the right. Click on
the kingdoms of life to see where viruses
are classified.
CLICK
CLICK
HOME
CLICK
CLICK
CLICK
CLICK
Did you
click all 6?
BACK
So… Are Viruses Alive?
Currently, science agrees on 6 large
categories of life called “kingdoms.” Examine
the picture to the right. Click on the
kingdoms of life to see where viruses are
classified.
Confused?
Don’t be.
Viruses are not considered living organisms
so they are not placed within any of the 6
kingdoms of life. Even though they are not
“alive” they do cause some serious harm to
other living organisms. Lets examine the
cycle that describes how viruses copy
themselves.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The first
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“attachment”.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Attachment
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The first
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“attachment”.
On the surface of cells there are
lumps of proteins called receptors.
Some viruses are shaped perfectly to
fit these receptors, just like a key fits
a lock.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Attachment
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The first
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“attachment”.
On the surface of cells there are
lumps of proteins called receptors.
Some viruses are shaped perfectly to
fit these receptors, just like a key fits
a lock.
receptors
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Attachment
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The first
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“attachment”.
On the surface of cells there are
lumps of proteins called receptors.
Some viruses are shaped perfectly to
fit these receptors, just like a key fits
a lock.
Lock and key must fit…
Just like a virus and receptor
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Attachment
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The first
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“attachment”.
On the surface of cells there are
lumps of proteins called receptors.
Some viruses are shaped perfectly to
fit these receptors, just like a key fits
a lock.
When a virus lands on a host cell and
can properly fit/match the receptor,
the virus has officially “attached” to
the host cell.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages
as it infects a cell. The second stage of the
lytic cycle is called “entry”.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
The first way
Some viruses will weaken the cell
membrane of the host cell by releasing
enzymes. Once that happens, they will
literally inject their RNA or DNA into the
host cell.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
HOME
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
The first way
Some viruses will weaken the cell
membrane of the host cell by releasing
enzymes. Once that happens, they will
literally inject their RNA or DNA into the
host cell.
This virus is injecting it’s DNA/RNA.
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
The Second Way
The virus will be completely swallowed by
the host cell. Because the virus matched the
receptor, the host cell is tricked into thinking
the virus is a needed molecule. The host cell
willingly swallows the virus by the process of
phagocytosis.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
The Second Way
The virus will be completely swallowed by
the host cell. Because the virus matched the
receptor, the host cell is tricked into thinking
the virus is a needed molecule. The host cell
willingly swallows the virus by the process of
phagocytosis.
This virus is being
swallowed by the
host cell.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
The Second Way
The virus will be completely swallowed by
the host cell. Because the virus matched the
receptor, the host cell is tricked into thinking
the virus is a needed molecule. The host cell
willingly swallows the virus by the process of
phagocytosis.
Once inside, the outer layer of the virus will
dissolve, thus exposing the RNA or DNA of
the virus.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Entry
A virus will go through a series of 5 stages as
it infects a cell. The second stage of the lytic
cycle is called “entry”.
Like the name implies, the virus will enter
the host cell. This happens usually in one of
two ways:
The Second Way
The virus will be completely swallowed by
the host cell. Because the virus matched the
receptor, the host cell is tricked into thinking
the virus is a needed molecule. The host cell
willingly swallows the virus by the process of
phagocytosis.
Once inside, the outer layer of the virus will
dissolve, thus exposing the RNA or DNA of
the virus.
Notice how
the outer layer
disappeared?
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“replication”.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
Since the virus does not have
organelles of its own, it will need to use
the organelles of the host cell.
Particularly, the virus will use the
ribosomes of the host cell.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Lets review. What do ribosomes
create?
correct
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Lets review. Ribosomes create proteins
through which process? Hint: Watch
the animation.
Replication
Mitosis
Transcription
correct
Translation
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Let’s pretend the virus just injected
DNA into the host cell.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Let’s pretend the virus just injected
DNA into the host cell.
DNA
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Let’s pretend the virus just injected DNA
into the host cell.
The virus DNA will be converted into
virus RNA through the process of
transcription.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
The DNA in blue…
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Let’s pretend the virus just injected DNA
into the host cell.
The virus DNA will be converted into
virus RNA through the process of
transcription.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Replication
HOME
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The third stage
of the lytic cycle is called “replication”.
The DNA in blue…
Since the virus does not have organelles
of its own, it will need to use the
organelles of the host cell. Particularly,
the virus will use the ribosomes of the
host cell.
Let’s pretend the virus just injected DNA
into the host cell.
The virus DNA will be converted into
virus RNA through the process of
transcription.
is being used to make mRNA in red.
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Here is the virus DNA that was recently injected into the host cell. Remember
that DNA is a double helix, where adenine (A) bonds to thymine (T) and
cytosine (C) bonds to guanine (G).
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
T
A
A
C
C
G
T
T
G
C
A
C
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Enzymes (molecular scissors) separate the strands of virus DNA by breaking
the bonds between the A/T and the C/G.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
T
A
A
C
C
G
T
T
G
C
A
C
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
U
A?
U?
C?
G?
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
U
A
A?
U?
C?
G?
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
U
A
A
A?
U?
C?
G?
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
U
A
A
C
A?
U?
C?
G?
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
U
A
A
C
C
A?
U?
C?
G?
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
U
A
A
C
C
G
A?
U?
C?
G?
A
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
A?
U?
C?
G?
A
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
A?
U?
C?
G?
C
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
A?
U?
C?
G?
G
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
A?
U?
C?
G?
T
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
A
A?
U?
C?
G?
G
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the DNA has been separated, pieces of viral RNA will begin to
attach to the DNA that is left behind. Perform transcription by clicking on the
proper RNA that will match.
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
A
C
Virus RNA
A?
U?
C?
G?
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Now that the virus mRNA has been created, it will break away from the DNA.
Virus DNA
A
T
T
G
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
A
C
Virus RNA
Let’s Practice Transcription
BACK
HOME
Remember that viruses do not contain ribosomes. But the virus RNA will
enter a ribosome that belongs to the host cell.
U
A
ribosome
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
A
C
Let’s Remember Translation
BACK
HOME
The ribosome of the host cell will read the virus RNA three nucleotides (codon)
at a time. And depending on the mRNA code, transfer RNA will deliver a
specific amino acid.
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
A
C
tRNA
ribosome
Amino
acid
tRNA will deliver this amino acid and the ribosome will move down to the next
codon.
Let’s Remember Translation
BACK
HOME
Now that the ribosome moved down a notch, it can read the next codon and
wait for the next amino acid.
U
A
A
C
Amino
acid
C
G
U
U
G
C
A
C
tRNA
ribosome
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
tRNA will deliver this amino acid and the ribosome will move down to the next
codon.
Let’s Remember Translation
BACK
HOME
Now that the ribosome moved down a notch, it can read the next codon and
wait for the next amino acid.
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
Amino
acid
U
G
C
A
C
tRNA
ribosome
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
tRNA will deliver this amino acid and the ribosome will move down to the next
codon.
Let’s Remember Translation
BACK
HOME
Now that the ribosome moved down a notch, it can read the next codon and
wait for the next amino acid.
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
Amino
acid
A
C
tRNA
ribosome
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
tRNA will deliver this amino acid and the ribosome will move down to the next
codon.
Let’s Remember Translation
BACK
HOME
Now that the ribosome has reached the end of the mRNA, this virus protein is
finished. The host cell was used by the virus to create proteins that it needs.
U
A
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
C
Amino
acid
A
ribosome
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Virus protein created by translation
C
BACK
Recap of the Lytic Cycle
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host cell
HOME
BACK
Recap of the Lytic Cycle
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host cell
Step 2: Entry
-- The viral DNA (or RNA) enters the host
cell
HOME
BACK
Recap of the Lytic Cycle
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host cell
Step 2: Entry
-- The viral DNA (or RNA) enters the host cell
Step 3: Replication
-- The virus will use the host cell to create
virus proteins through the process of
transcription and translation
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Assembly
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The fourth
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“assembly”.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Assembly
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The fourth
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“assembly”.
Now that the virus used the host cell to
create virus amino acids, those proteins
will be assembled into new viruses.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Assembly
HOME
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The fourth
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“assembly”.
Now that the virus used the host cell to
create virus amino acids, those proteins
will be assembled into new viruses.
Puzzle pieces need to be
assembled… just like the
virus proteins
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Assembly
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The fourth
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“assembly”.
Now that the virus used the host cell to
create virus amino acids, those proteins
will be assembled into new viruses.
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
Amino
acid
HOME
Amino
acid
TheThis
smaller
new amino
virus has
acids
now
are
arranged
been assembled
into a larger
inside
protein.
the
host cell.
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Assembly
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The fourth
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“assembly”.
Now that the virus used the host cell to
create virus amino acids, those proteins
will be assembled into new viruses.
Those new viruses then begin to
release enzymes that weaken the cell
membrane of the host cell.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Assembly
HOME
A virus will go through a series of 5
stages as it infects a cell. The fourth
stage of the lytic cycle is called
“assembly”.
Now that the virus used the host cell to
create virus amino acids, those proteins
will be assembled into new viruses.
Those new viruses then begin to release
enzymes that weaken the cell
membrane of the host cell.
What do you think will happen to the
host cell once the cell membrane
becomes too weak?
no
no
The cell will
multiply
The cell will
feed
The cell will
burst
The cell will
run away
correct
no
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Release
A virus will go through a series of
5 stages as it infects a cell. The
fifth stage of the lytic cycle is
called “release”.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Release
A virus will go through a series of
5 stages as it infects a cell. The
fifth stage of the lytic cycle is
called “release”.
When the cell membrane
becomes too weak, the cell will
burst (lyse). This is why this
process is called the lytic cycle.
HOME
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Release
HOME
A virus will go through a series of
5 stages as it infects a cell. The
fifth stage of the lytic cycle is
called “release”.
When the cell membrane
becomes too weak, the cell will
burst (lyse). This is why this
process is called the lytic cycle.
Virus enzymes weaken the cell
membrane (like the pin) and causes
the cell to burst.
BACK
The Lytic Cycle: Release
A virus will go through a series of
5 stages as it infects a cell. The
fifth stage of the lytic cycle is
called “release”.
When the cell membrane
becomes too weak, the cell will
burst (lyse). This is why this
process is called the lytic cycle.
When the cell bursts open, the
new “baby” viruses are released
from the host cell and can infect
new cells to repeat this process.
HOME
BACK
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host
cell
Conclusion
attachment
HOME
BACK
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host
cell
Step 2: Entry
-- The viral DNA (or RNA) enters
the host cell
Conclusion
HOME
attachment
entry
BACK
Conclusion
HOME
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host
cell
attachment
Step 2: Entry
-- The viral DNA (or RNA) enters
the host cell
entry
Step 3: Replication
-- The virus will use the host cell
to create virus proteins through
the process of transcription and
translation
Replication
& assembly
BACK
Conclusion
HOME
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host
cell
attachment
Step 2: Entry
-- The viral DNA (or RNA) enters
the host cell
entry
Step 3: Replication
-- The virus will use the host cell
to create virus proteins through
the process of transcription and
translation
Step 4: Assembly
-- The virus proteins are
assembled into new viruses
Replication
& assembly
BACK
Step 1: Attachment
-- The virus attaches to the host
cell
Step 2: Entry
-- The viral DNA (or RNA) enters
the host cell
Step 3: Replication
-- The virus will use the host cell
to create virus proteins through
the process of transcription and
translation
Conclusion
HOME
attachment
entry
Replication
& assembly
Step 4: Assembly
-- The virus proteins are
assembled into new viruses
Step 5: Release
-- The cell bursts open, releasing
the viruses
release
BACK
#1) Quiz
HOME
What can be found inside the capsid of a virus?
Nucleic acid
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Ribosomes
correct
BACK
#2) Quiz
HOME
Viruses can reproduce. Name two other features of life that viruses
possess.
Viruses are made from
cells
Viruses require energy
Viruses adapt to their
environment
Yes. There is another.
Viruses have
organization
Yes. There is another.
Did you find
both answers?
BACK
#3) Quiz
HOME
Where can receptors be found?
On the surface of the
virus
On the surface of a
ribosome
On the surface of a cell
On the surface of DNA
Correct
BACK
#4) Quiz
HOME
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Correct
BACK
#5) Quiz
HOME
What is created during the process of translation?
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Ribosomes
Correct
BACK
#6) Quiz
HOME
In which stage will a virus use a ribosome from the host to create its
own proteins?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Correct
BACK
#7) Quiz
HOME
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Correct
BACK
#8) Quiz
HOME
What are the two categories of viruses?
Lytic cycle and non-lytic cycle
Living and non-living
Deadly and non-deadly
DNA and RNA
Transcription and translation
Correct
BACK
#9) Quiz
HOME
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this picture?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Correct
BACK
#10) Quiz
HOME
During translation, what delivers amino acids to the ribosome?
DNA
tRNA
mRNA
Receptors
Correct
BACK
HOME
Be sure to turn in your worksheet when finished.
#1) Quiz
What can be found inside the capsid of a virus?
Nucleic acid
No
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Ribosomes
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
Try again
#1) Quiz
What can be found inside the capsid of a virus?
Nucleic acid
Lipids
No Carbohydrates
Ribosomes
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
Try again
#1) Quiz
What can be found inside the capsid of a virus?
Nucleic acid
Lipids
Carbohydrates
No
Ribosomes
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
Try again
#2) Quiz
Viruses can reproduce. Name two other features of life that viruses
possess.
No
Viruses are made from
cells
Viruses require energy
Viruses adapt to their
environment
Viruses have
organization
Wrong. Lets review.
Hint: You need a flu shot every year because of which virus feature?
Hint: Viruses have different parts that perform specific tasks. This is a
type of ______.
Try again
#2) Quiz
Viruses contain which two features of life?
Viruses are made from
cells
No Viruses require energy
Viruses adapt to their
environment
Viruses have
organization
Wrong. Lets review.
Hint: You need a flu shot every year because of which virus feature?
Hint: Viruses have different parts that perform specific tasks. This is a
type of ______.
Try again
#3) Quiz
Where can receptors be found?
No
On the surface of the
virus
On the surface of a
ribosome
On the surface of a cell
On the surface of DNA
Wrong. Lets review.
receptors
Hint: In this animation you can see the receptors. Study the picture and
try again.
Try again
#3) Quiz
Where can receptors be found?
On the surface of the
virus
No
On the surface of a
ribosome
On the surface of a cell
On the surface of DNA
Wrong. Lets review.
receptors
Hint: In this animation you can see the receptors. Study the picture and
try again.
Try again
#3) Quiz
Where can receptors be found?
On the surface of the
virus
On the surface of a
ribosome
On the surface of a cell
No
On the surface of DNA
Wrong. Lets review.
receptors
Hint: In this animation you can see the receptors. Study the picture and
try again.
Try again
#4) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
No
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation you can see DNA being injected into the cell. Which
word would best describe the “injecting of DNA”? Try again
#4) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
No
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation you can see DNA being injected into the cell. Which
word would best describe the “injecting of DNA”? Try again
#4) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
No
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation you can see DNA being injected into the cell. Which
word would best describe the “injecting of DNA”? Try again
#4) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
No
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation you can see DNA being injected into the cell. Which
word would best describe the “injecting of DNA”? Try again
#5) Quiz
What is created during the process of translation?
No
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Ribosomes
Wrong. Lets review.
Use the flow diagram below to help.
DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
Protein
Try again
#5) Quiz
What is created during the process of translation?
DNA
No
RNA
Proteins
Ribosomes
Wrong. Lets review.
Use the flow diagram below to help.
DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
Protein
Try again
#5) Quiz
What is created during the process of translation?
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Ribosomes
No
Wrong. Lets review.
Use the flow diagram below to help.
DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
Protein
Try again
#6) Quiz
In which stage will a virus use a ribosome from the host to create its
own proteins?
Attachment
No
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets Review
The virus makes proteins as it makes extra copies of itself. Which choice
sounds like the process of “making extra copies”?
Try again
#6) Quiz
In which stage will a virus use a ribosome from the host to create its
own proteins?
Attachment
Entry
No
Replication
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets Review
The virus makes proteins as it makes extra copies of itself. Which choice
sounds like the process of “making extra copies”?
Try again
#6) Quiz
In which stage will a virus use a ribosome from the host to create its
own proteins?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
No
Release
Wrong. Lets Review
The virus makes proteins as it makes extra copies of itself. Which choice
sounds like the process of “making extra copies”?
Try again
#6) Quiz
In which stage will a virus use a ribosome from the host to create its
own proteins?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
No
Wrong. Lets Review
The virus makes proteins as it makes extra copies of itself. Which choice
sounds like the process of “making extra copies”?
Try again
#7) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
No
Replication
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation, the virus is landing and joining with the host cell.
Which word means “to join together”?
Try again
#7) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
No
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation, the virus is landing and joining with the host cell.
Which word means “to join together”?
Try again
#7) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
No
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation, the virus is landing and joining with the host cell.
Which word means “to join together”?
Try again
#7) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this animation?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
No
Wrong. Lets review.
In this animation, the virus is landing and joining with the host cell.
Which word means “to join together”?
Try again
#8) Quiz
What are the two categories of viruses?
Lytic cycle and non-lytic cycle
No
Living and non-living
Deadly and non-deadly
DNA and RNA
Transcription and translation
Try again
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
#8) Quiz
What are the two categories of viruses?
Lytic cycle and non-lytic cycle
Living and non-living
No
Deadly and non-deadly
DNA and RNA
Transcription and translation
Try again
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
#8) Quiz
What are the two categories of viruses?
Lytic cycle and non-lytic cycle
Living and non-living
Deadly and non-deadly
No
DNA and RNA
Transcription and translation
Try again
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
#8) Quiz
What are the two categories of viruses?
Lytic cycle and non-lytic cycle
Living and non-living
Deadly and non-deadly
DNA and RNA
Transcription and translation
No
Try again
Wrong. Lets review.
Inside the virus is where you can find the nucleic acid. Viruses either
contain DNA or RNA. Never both. In fact, one way that scientists will
classify viruses is based on the type of nucleic acids they possess.
#9) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this picture?
Attachment
No
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
This picture shows a cell being destroyed and many viruses exiting from
the inside. Which choice means “to spread?”
Try again
#9) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this picture?
Attachment
Entry
No
Replication
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
This picture shows a cell being destroyed and many viruses exiting from
the inside. Which choice means “to spread?”
Try again
#9) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this picture?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
No
Assembly
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
This picture shows a cell being destroyed and many viruses exiting from
the inside. Which choice means “to spread?”
Try again
#9) Quiz
Which stage of the lytic cycle is shown in this picture?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
No
Release
Wrong. Lets review.
This picture shows a cell being destroyed and many viruses exiting from
the inside. Which choice means “to spread?”
Try again
#10) Quiz
During translation, what delivers amino acids to the ribosome?
DNA
No
tRNA
Amino
acid
mRNA
ribosome
?
Receptors
Amino
Wrong. Lets review.
acid
In the animation what delivered the purple amino acids to that green
ribosome?
Hint: The amino acids are “transferred” to the ribosome.
?
Try again
#10) Quiz
During translation, what delivers amino acids to the ribosome?
DNA
Amino
acid
tRNA
mRNA
No
ribosome
?
Receptors
Amino
Wrong. Lets review.
acid
In the animation what delivered the purple amino acids to that green
ribosome?
Hint: The amino acids are “transferred” to the ribosome.
?
Try again
#10) Quiz
During translation, what delivers amino acids to the ribosome?
DNA
Amino
acid
tRNA
mRNA
ribosome
Receptors
?
No
Amino
Wrong. Lets review.
acid
In the animation what delivered the purple amino acids to that green
ribosome?
Hint: The amino acids are “transferred” to the ribosome.
?
Try again