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Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Module 4 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK Name: ………………………………………………………… 1 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Name the three types of muscle tissue and say where it can be found in the body. Muscle Type Location 2 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Skeletal Muscle List and describe the functions of skeletal muscle. 1. 2. 3. 3 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Structure of Skeletal Muscle Use the diagram in your workbook to help you label the missing structures. You may also use the labels below. Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium Muscle Fibre (cell) Tendon Fascicle 4 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Organisation of Skeletal Muscle Complete the chart below giving the structure of each muscle part. Muscle Part Structure Muscle fibre (cell) Sarcolemma Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium Aponeurosis Fascicles 5 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscle Part Structure Myofibrils Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function of Muscle Tissue Contraction – The Sliding Filament Theory Fill in the gaps of the chart overleaf of the following chain of events using the words provided. Acetylcholine Motor Nerves Muscle action potential Actin Calcium Myosin ATP Shorten 6 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) 7 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscle fibre types and characteristics Describe the following muscle fibre types. Slow Twitch (Type I) Fast Twitch (Type 2) How do Type 2a fibres create energy? ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. How do Type 2b fibres create energy? ………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Which muscle fibre type has the highest rate of contraction? ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. What effect does this have on the muscle fibre? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Nerve supply to muscles in the body Complete the following chart. Choose which nerves supply the given body areas. You may use the labels below to help you. Sciatic Plexus Phrenic Radial & Ulnar Nerve Femoral Body area served Cervical Skin and muscles of the head, neck and top of shoulder. Diaphragm Brachial Supplies the whole of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand. Lumbar Supply the lower abdomen and parts of the leg including the thigh and skin. Sacral The buttocks and some leg muscles. How do muscles relax? 9 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) What is muscle tone? List the causes of muscle fatigue. 1. 2. 3. Where do muscles get their energy from? Complete the following sentences. For contraction to take place there must be an adequate supply of …………………. from providing ………………………………………………………………………………. and …………………………………. at the same time removing …………………….. ………………………………….. from …………………………………………………… 10 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) The principle carbohydrate that provides the energy that muscles require is …………………………………. This is converted into ………………………………. and stored in the liver and muscles. The muscles also get their energy from ……………………………Once the muscle has used up the………………………….. and …………………………….., they are converted into……………………………… and ……………………………… which is passed in the venous blood stream and …………………………….. via the……………………. , ……………………………, …………………………. and……………………………………… In order to release energy, muscles work by combining …………………………….. with ………………………………. The muscle burns the …………………………….. and ………………………………….. by combining them with oxygen from the blood. Lactic Acid Formation In your own words, describe how lactic acid affects the muscles. 11 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Describe a tendon and its structure: Describe a ligament and its structure: 12 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Smooth Muscle What are the functions of smooth muscle? 1. 2. Describe the structure of smooth muscle? 1. 2. 3. 4. 13 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) There are two types of smooth muscle. Where are they found? Type 1 Type 2 Cardiac Muscle What are the functions of cardiac muscle? 1. 2. Describe the structure of cardiac muscle? 1. 2. 14 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Sphincter Muscles Define a sphincter muscle. 15 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) The following sphincters have a specific location and function. Can you link up the boxes? Cardiac Located at the base of the stomach. It opens to release the stomach contents into the duodenum. Pyloric The internal urethra allows the flow of urine from the bladder and is under involuntary control. The external urethra prevents the escape of urine and is under voluntary control. Urethral Located at the exit of the pancreas as it joins the common bile duct. Allows pancreatic bile to be secreted into the small intestine to alkalise the stomach contents with bile. Anal Located at the base of the oesophagus. It opens to allow food to enter the stomach and prevent reflux when the stomach is churning. Hepato-pancreatic Marks the end of the rectum. Consists of an internal smooth muscle and external muscle. It allows for mass movement of faeces once or twice a day. 16 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscle Movement Muscle attachments are known by the terms ………………………………. and …………………………………………… The end of the muscle closest to the centre of the body is referred to as the ………………………………………….. The furthest away is known as the ……………………………………..…. point. To co-ordinate movement, muscles work in …………………………………….. Muscles are classified by their function: Prime Mover Stabilisers Describe the following muscle classifications. Agonist Antagonist Synergist Fixator 17 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscle Action Movement Definition Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Pronation Supination Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion Circumduction Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction 18 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Use your handout to complete the tables below on muscle, position and action and the diagrams for location. Muscles of the Face Muscle Position Action Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead Covers temple bone from sides of head to jaw Corrugator Buccinator Risorius Supports buccinator Raised lower jaw, aids mastication Forms sphincter around eye Raises corner of mouth (smiley face) Wrinkles the chin Mentalis Orbicularis oris Flexion of the neck Covers the neck Draws scalp backwards Nasalis Triangularis Draws down corners of mouth (sad face) Aids swallowing Digastric Procerus Bridge of nose 19 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscles of the face head and neck 20 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscles of the Shoulders Muscle Position Large triangular muscle at top of back Action Deltoid Four sided muscle between scapula 7 spine Levator scapulae Adducts arm, rotates inwards Small muscle between scapula & humerus Rotates arm outwards Relatively large muscle under scapula Inward rotation of humerus Small muscle above scapula Abduction of shoulder. Keeps shoulder in place Serratus anterior I Stabilises shoulder socket. Outward rotation of humerus. 21 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscles of the back and buttocks Muscle Position Long muscle running either side of the spine Action Covers back of lower ribs Quadratus lumborum Iliopsoas -psoas -iliacus Flexion of hip. Stabilises lower back Large muscle on buttocks Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Abduction and rotation of hip 22 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) 23 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscles of the upper limbs Muscle Position Inside of upper arm Brachialis Action Flexion of arm at elbow Outside of upper arm Pronator teres Pronates forearm and hand Lower arm from elbow to digits Deep extensors Extension of thumb and forefinger Superficial flexors Deep flexors Flexion of thumb and forefinger 24 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscles of the lower limbs Muscle Hamstrings -biceps femoris -semitendonosus -semimembranosus Position Action Quadriceps -rectus femoris -vastus lateralis -vastus intermedius -vastus medialis Adductors Adduction, lateral rotation of femur Tensor fasciae latae Abduction of thigh & hip. Extension of knee. Medial rotation of femur Sartorius Crosses thigh from outer hip to inside of knee Front of tibia on lower leg Tibialis posterior Plantar flexion and inversion Large calf muscle Deep to gastrocnemius 25 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) 26 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014 Aromalyne Training Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC) Muscles of the chest & abdomen Muscle Position Large chest muscle Action Adduction, inward rotation of the arm Depression of scapula Flattens to create more room in thorax during inhalation In between ribs Six pack muscle running down abdomen External obliques Transversus Flexes trunk. Rotation of trunk Forms waist by crossing with external obliques Across the abdomen 27 Christina Lyne Ltd©2014