Download Review guide for Exam 2

Bio 102, Randa, Exam Review Guide
Review guide for Exam 2 (Chs. 33-part, 34, 40-part, 49-part, 48)
Review over your notes and re-read over corresponding parts in text with which you are not sufficiently
familiar. In addition to memorizing new terms, be able to synthesize information you’ve learned and explain
how concepts relate to one another (e.g. evolutionary patterns and organismal characteristics, organ system
anatomy and physiology).
The test will include objective type questions (multiple choice and matching) and essay questions.
Some concepts to review:
Chapters 33, 34 Deuterostomes: Echinodermata, Chordata
• Review general embryological characteristics of all deuterostomes.
• Know names and characteristics of the major Phyla and Classes studied; also relate adaptations to
environments in which these organisms occur. Some examples:
• anatomy and function of echinoderm water vascular system
• Chordate notochord (and vestiges in vertebrates), dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail
• buoyancy control in sharks vs. bony fishes
• various adaptations of birds for flight
• Review evolutionary origins of vertebrate jaws, lungs, and terrestrial (tetrapod) limbs
• Review various adaptations of vertebrates to life on land (related to gravity, dessication, body temp.)
• Know generally the evolutionary origins of jawed fishes, amphibians, birds, mammals
Ch. 40, 49 Introduction to Animal Structure and Function, Locomotion
• Describe different types of skeletons: hydrostatic, endoskeleton, exoskeleton and representative
organisms
• Distinguish axial vs. appendicular endoskeleton
• Review microanatomy of compact vs. spongy bone; components of a long bone
• Generally understand the bone remodeling process and main cells involved
• Note how muscles move components of endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton
• Generally understand energetic costs of flying vs. swimming vs. running; note vertebrate adaptations in
body form for these various modes of locomotion
• Distinguish (in general) skeletal vs. cardiac vs. smooth muscle
• Describe the physiology of muscle contraction via the sliding filament theory: begin with stimulus from
a motor neuron through completion of contraction in a sarcomere—incorporate role/action of :
acetylcholine, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin, myosin, ATP
• Understand achievement of tetanus in skeletal muscle (but not in cardiac muscle)
• Describe general anatomy/ function of motor units and muscle groups
Ch. 48 Nervous System
• Review CNS vs. PNS; microanatomy of glial cells and neurons
• Describe [relatively detailed] physiology of impulse transmission in a nerve cell
• role of sodium-potassium pump, voltage-gated channels, and movement of ions to create
electrochemical gradients
• phases of millivolt changes along inside of cell membrane over time before, during, and
shortly after generation of action potential
• all-or-none principle of impulse transmission
• successive changes along cell membrane of axon during action potential propagation
• role of chemically-gated channels and neurotransmitters in facilitating/inhibiting
achievement of [threshold and] an action potential
• Generally trace the evolution of the nervous in animals: basic features, increasing complexity, examples
of organisms
• Describe the general function of the various parts of the mammalian brain, especially these parts of the
human brain: medulla, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum, ventricles, meninges