Download Cognitive Learning

CHS AP Psychology
Unit 6: Learning (Behaviorism)
• Essential Task 6.5: Describe the
essential characteristics of insight
learning, latent learning, and
observational learning (vicarious
learning, live model, and virtual model)
Question of the Day
• For professional baseball players,
swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced
with a home run on a ________
schedule.
A. fixed interval
B. variable interval
C. fixed-ratio
D. variable-ratio
Cognitive Learning
• Learning that depends on mental
activity that is not directly observable
• Involves such processes as attention,
expectation, thinking, and memory
Insight and Learning Sets
• Insight is when learning seems to occur
in a sudden “flash” as elements of a
situation come together
• Learning sets refer to increasing
effectiveness at problem solving
through experience, i.e., organisms
“learn how to learn”
Latent Learning and Cognitive
Maps
• Latent learning is learning that takes
place before the subject realizes it and
is not immediately reflected in
behavior
• A cognitive map is latent learning
stored as a mental image
Motivations
• Intrinsic Motivation:
– Finding the motivation within yourself;
doing things just for the sake of doing
them
• Extrinsic Motivation:
– Needing outside influence and
reinforcements to keep you doing
things
• What motivates you?
• Turn to pgs 473-474 in regular Psychology book:
Complete the Locus of Control Assignment
Social Cognitive
Theory/Observational Learning
• Individuals learn through imitating others who
receive rewards and punishments. Learning a
behavior and performing it are not the same thing
• Tenet 1: Response consequences (such as rewards
or punishments) influence the likelihood that a
person will perform a particular behavior again
• Tenet 2: Humans can learn by observing others, in
addition to learning by participating in an act
personally. Learning by observing others is called
vicarious learning. The concept of vicarious
learning is not one that would be subscribed to by
classical behaviorists.
• Tenet 3: Individuals are most likely to model
behavior observed by others they identify with.
Identification with others is a function of the degree
to which a person is perceived to be similar to one's
self, in addition to the degree of emotional
attachment that is felt toward an individual.
Bobo Doll Experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Pr0OTCVtHbU
Bobo Doll Experimental
Design
Results
• Children exposed to the aggressive model were
more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than
those who were not exposed to the aggressive
model. (Boys averaged 38.2 with 12.7 for girls)
• Children exposed to the aggressive model were
more likely to engage in novel hostile acts.
• Children are more influenced by same-sex models.
• Results showed that boys exhibited more aggression
when exposed to aggressive male models than
boys exposed to aggressive female models. When
exposed to aggressive male models, the number of
aggressive instances exhibited by boys averaged
104 compared to 48.4 aggressive instances
exhibited by boys who were exposed to aggressive
female models.
Learning by Observing
• The likelihood of acting on vicarious learning
changes when we see the consequences of
other people’s behavior
• Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious
punishment affects the willingness of people
to perform behaviors they learned by
watching others
Live and Virtual Models
Virtual
Model
Live
Model
Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered mirror
neurons in the brains of animals and
humans that are active during
observational learning.
Most are housed in the frontal lobe.
Question of the Day
• Children who are promised a payoff for
playing with an interesting toy have
later been observed to play with the
toy less than those who are not
promised the reward. This provides
evidence for the role of ________ in
operant behavior.
a.
b.
c.
d.
spontaneous recovery
primary reinforcers
cognitive processes
negative reinforcers
Learning in Real Life
Let’s see how well we
can recognize when
Classical and
Operant
Conditioning, as well
as Observational
Learning is in use!