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Transcript
Ecology 2 Habitats and Niches Interactions Succession Climate Biomes Population Growth Human Impact Biogeochemical Cycles of Matter Habitat: Niche: Area where organism lives (address) Includes biotic and abiotic factors. Full range of physical & biological conditions in which organism lives & way it uses those conditions (job) Place in food chain, physical conditions needed, how & when it reproduces. Interactions in A Community Competition: When organisms try to use same resources at same time. Competition Exclusion Principle: No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Predation One organism captures and feeds on another. http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/animal-planet-presents/videos/whats-to-love-great-white-shark-predation.htm Symbiosis Two species live closely together. Mutualism- both benefit Commensalism - One benefits, other neither Helped or harmed Parasitismparasite lives in or on host & causes harm to host Mutualism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2qdxVVRm4 Ants and Trees http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkzUziLiiDM Sea Anemone and Clownfish Parasitism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90exkFR2iSM Botfly and Humans Ecological Succession: Change in ecosystem over time. Primary Succession: No soil or life exists Pioneer species Example: lichens first break down rock to make soil. Ends with Climax community: stable Secondary Succession: Ecosystems return to original state after disruption. -forest fire -farming - deforestation Impact of Climate on Ecosystems What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather: Climate: Day to day condition of the atmosphere at particular time and place. Average conditions of temperature and precipitation for a region year after year. Climate Zones Determined by latitude (angle of heating of the sun). Polar Zones: Cold, sun’s rays strike at low angle at the N & S Poles Temperate Zones: Tropical Zones: Between polar zones & tropics Angle of the sun changes leading to seasons. Near the equator Direct sunlight year round so always warm. Biomes Complex communities, cover large area with a certain soil & climate. Life (plants and animals) with adaptations for survival. Two main components of climate: Temperature Precipitation Terrestrial Biomes: Only 30% of Earth is land. Forests Coniferous trees: Keep their leaves (needles) all year long. Deciduous trees: Drop leaves in dry season to conserve water. Tropical Rain Forest Hot & wet year round Most diverse biome with the largest number of different species of plants and animals. Desert Dry, hot during day – some colder at night Evaporation is greater than precipitation. Cover 30% of Earth’s land (all deserts combined) Aquatic Biomes Freshwater Biomes: 3% of the Earth’s surface. Flowing Water- rivers, streams, creeks, brooks Standing Water- lakes & ponds Plankton microscope life forms food for larger animals zooplankton - heterotrophs phytoplankton - autotrophs Marine Zones About 67% of earth covered by salt water Coral Reefs A marine biome with high diversity of life forms. Found in warm clear waters of tropics & subtropics. Populations Groups of organisms of the same species, in the same area. Identified by: Range (geographic distribution) River Otter Range Density (number of individuals /unit of area Growth Rate River Otter Density in Montana Factors affecting Population Size: Birth Rate Death Rate Immigration Rate Emigration Rate Movement of individuals into an area Movement of individuals out of an area Exponential Growth: Ideal conditions Unlimited resources Reproduction occurs at constant rate Logistic Growth: growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth -due to limited resources ZPG: Zero Population Growth Slows /levels off when birth rate = death rate immigration = emigration Carrying Capacity: largest number of individuals a given environment can support The # of organisms represented by the “M” line corresponds to the carrying capacity in this graph. Limiting Factors: cause population growth to decrease Biotic Factors: Abiotic Factors: Competition Predation Parasitism Disease Climate Natural Disasters Seasonal Cycles Human Activities Human Population Clock http://www.census.gov/popclock/ Effects of Humans on the Biosphere Tragedy of the Commons: Any resource that is free and accessible to everyone may eventually be destroyed. Because no one is responsible for protecting those resources and no one benefits from preserving those resources. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RE9PMwwaFc Renewable Resource Can regenerate (living) Can be replenished by biochemical cycles (nonliving) Ex: fresh water plants wind sun Nonrenewable Resource Ex: fossil fuels Coal Oil/gasoline Natural gas Cannot be replenished by natural process. Negative human impact on environment Soil erosion – loss of topsoil by water/wind -Desertification Deforestation Overfishing Air Pollution / smog Acid Rain Nitrogen and sulfur from burning fossil fuels combines with water vapor to form nitric and sulfuric acids. Biological Magnification Concentrations of toxins increases in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain. Ozone Depletion Ozone layer Molecules of O3 -absorbs harmful Ultraviolet (UV) radiation -can damage ozone CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) -Gases used as aerosol sprays refrigerator coolants air conditioner coolants tools to make plastic foam Hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica: Antarctic 2006 Antarctic 2014 Global Warming increase in average temp. of biosphere Sudden rise in temps due to the burning of fossil fuels and the rise of greenhouse gases. Evidence Concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere have been rising for 200 years. Burning of fossil fuels Cutting and burning of forests Greenhouse Effect: Natural & Necessary! Build up of gases (carbon dioxide, methane) Traps heat energy (like glass in a greenhouse) Natural greenhouse effect is intensified if there is too much greenhouse gas. Possible Effects of Global Warming Melting polar ice and glaciers/ Rising sea levels / flooding Long term effects: Extreme Weather, Loss of Habitats, Loss of Biodiversity Biodiversity Diverse ecosystems are more stable. Threats To DiversityAltering habitats Hunting to extinction Introduction of toxic compounds into food webs Introduction of invasive species Extinction: when species disappear from all or part of its range. Endangered species: in danger of extinction Invasive Species Introduced to a new habitat artificially Reproduce rapidly Lack parasites & predators Nutria -native to So. America -destroying shore habitats in SE US Kudzu vines -native to Asia -destroying trees in the US Invasive Species in the Everglades http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRFebOSBM4 New Weapon Found to Fight Cane Toads In Australia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of33McpLbe4 Conservation Wise management of natural resources, preservation of habitats & wildlife. Endangered Species Act National Parks Earth Day Earth Summit Cycles of Matter in the Biosphere Biogeochemical cycles: Living organisms transform matter and recycle chemicals (atoms) What is cycled?: Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. Water Cycle Transpiration from the roots to the leaves Carbon Cycle (gaseous cycle) CO2 in Atmosphere Releasing Carbon: Respiration Decomposition Erosion Volcanic activity Mining Cutting/burning forests Burning fossil fuels CO2 in Ocean Consuming Carbon: photosynthesis Storing Carbon Underground: Burial/deposition of dead organisms Nitrogen Cycle (gaseous cycle)- Driven by BACTERIA Nitrogen is needed by ALL organisms to make proteins and DNA. Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atmosphere, cannot be used directly by living organisms Nitrogen fixation: Bacteria living in roots of legumes convert N2 into ammonia – usable by plants Decomposition: Bacterial decomposers returns nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. Denitrification: Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas N2 in Atmosphere NH3 Ammonia NO3and NO2Nitrates/Nitrites Phosphorus Cycle (sedimentary cycle) Phosphorus needed to make DNA, ATP, cell membranes and bones. Doesn’t enter atmosphere like C, O, N Stays in rock & soil minerals & ocean sediments Plants pull inorganic phosphate from soil and water, and cycle it through the food web. Phosphorus Cycle Most commercial fertilizers have 3 numbers on the front label, separated by dashes. For example: 5-10-5. These numbers represent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (or N-P-K), in that order. So if you purchased a bag of fertilizer labeled 5-10-5, it would contain 5% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus and 5% potassium. The remaining 80% is filler. Limiting Nutrient When a single nutrient is scarce or cycles slowly Limits primary productivity (rate at which food is created by producers) Too much of a nutrient like phosphate from fertilizers or detergents Algal Bloom Runs Off into water and algae grows too fast, Algae dies off & decomposes using up all the oxygen Fish die from suffocation Too Much Fertilizer Used In Agriculture