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B2 Learning Outcome Questions
Question
CLASSIFICATION
Name the 5 kingdoms
What characteristics are used to place
organisms into the correct kingdom?
Describe how organisms are classified,
starting with kingdom.
Why can it be difficult to classify organisms?
What do evolutionary trees show?
What is artificial classification?
What is natural classification?
Explain how the use of DNA sequencing
information has led to changes in
understanding of classification.
Why have systems of classification
changed over time.
What are the different classes of arthropod
and what are their characteristics?
What is a species?
Why are binominal names for organisms
important?
What are evolutionary trees?
What is a hybrid?
Why are hybrids not classed as a
species?
Why is it difficult to classify bacteria?
Why do similar species tend to live in similar
habitats?
ENERGY FLOW
What is a trophic level?
What is a consumer?
Explain why some organisms are secondary
and primary consumers?
What do pyramids of numbers show?
What do pyramids of biomass show?
Give 2 problems with pyramids?
What does a food web show?
How can energy be lost from food chains?
Explain how an increase in the number of
predators in a food web would affect the
population of prey.
How can the efficiency of food chains be
calculated?
Why are food chains limited to a small
number of organisms?
Answer
Plants, animals, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotes.
Plants – use light to produce food, cells have cellulose cell
wall.
Animals – feed on other organisms, no cell walls
Fungi – make spores instead of seeds, cell wall made of chitin
Protoctista – made up of one cell
Prokaryotes – no nucleus, cell wall but not made of cellulose
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
Continually evolving and new organisms are discovered.
The ecological and evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
Based on characteristics
Based on evolution.
Scientists are more certain of how closely related
organisms are.
Scientific advances in DNA sequencing
Insect – body in 3 sections, 6 legs eg beetle
Arachnids – body in 2 sections, 8 legs eg spider
Crustaceans – body in 2 sections, at least 10 legs eg crab
Myriapods – body in 2 sections, lots of leg eg millipede
Animals that can breed together to produce fertile offspring
So people who speak different languages can use the same
name for a species.
Chart to show how species have evolved.
The offspring of 2 closely related species, but are
infertile.
Because they are infertile.
Because they reproduce asexually.
Because they share features which allow them to survive
there.
Feeding level in a food chain/web.
An organism which consumes other organisms
Primary – are herbivores (eat plants)
Secondary – are carnivores (eat animals)
Some animals eat both
The number of organisms at each trophic level
The amount of dry mass at each trophic level.
Organisms may belong to more than one trophic level
Problem with measuring dry biomass.
The relationship between all organisms within a habitat.
Heat from respiration
Excretion
Egestion.
The population of prey would decrease as there will be more
predators to eat them. The prey will not have time to
reproduce. The prey may die out.
Efficiency = energy used for growth (output)
x 100
Energy supplied (input)
Because energy is lost and the process is inefficient.
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
RECYCLING
What happens when plants and animals die?
What are decomposers?
Name 2 elements which are recycled?
How carbon is recycled in nature?
Explain how carbon is recycled in nature,
What percentage of the atmosphere is made
up of nitrogen?
Why does nitrogen have to be converted to
nitrates for plants to use?
Why does recycling of nutrients take longer
in waterlogged or acidic soils than it does in
well drained soils?
Explain how nitrogen is recycled in nature,
Explain how nitrogen is recycled in
nature
INTERDEPENDENCE
What to plants and Animals compete for?
Why do similar animals in the same habitat
in close competition?
What is the difference between
interspecific and intraspecific
competition?
What does ecological niche mean? Give
an example of when competition in the
same ecological niche can be a problem
Their bodies decay and elements are recycled.
Bacteria and fungi which decay dead organisms
Carbon and nitrogen
 Plants removing carbon dioxide from the air by
photosynthesis
 Feeding passes carbon compounds along a food
chain or web
 Plants and animals releasing carbon dioxide into the
air, as a product of respiration
 Burning of fossil fuels (combustion) releasing carbon
dioxide
 Soil bacteria and fungi, acting as decomposers,
releasing carbon dioxide into the air.
• marine organisms making shells made of
carbonates
• shells becoming limestone
• carbon returning to the air as carbon dioxide
during volcanic eruption or weathering
• oceans absorbing carbon dioxide, acting as
carbon sinks.
78%
The atmospheres nitrogen, N2, has a very strong bond
between the atoms Under normal conditions it won’t react
with anything and it can’t be used by animals or plants.
There is less nitrifying bacteria in acidic or waterlogged soil.
• plants taking in nitrates from the soil to make protein for
growth
• feeding passes nitrogen compounds along a food chain or
web
• nitrogen compounds in dead plants and animals being
broken down by decomposers and returning to the soil.
• soil bacteria and fungi, acting as decomposers,
converting proteins and urea into ammonia
• the conversion of this ammonia to nitrates by nitrifying
bacteria
• the conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas by
denitrifying bacteria
• the fixing of nitrogen gas by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
living in root nodules or in the soil, or by the action of
lightning.
Food, water, shelter, mates (animals), light (plants), minerals
(plants)
Because they are adapted to live in the same habitat and will
compete for the same food/shelter
Inter – between different species
Intra – between members of the same species.
The role of an organism within an ecosystem.
Grey and red squirrels share the same ecological niche
and must compete for the same food/shelter.
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
What effect would increasing the number of
predators have on the population of prey
species?
Why are predator/prey cycles are out of
sync with each other?
Give an example of a cleaner species
What is a parasite? Give an example
What is mutualism? Give an example
How do nitrogen fixing bacteria found in
root nodules of plants demonstrate a
mutualistic relationship?
ADAPTATIONS
How have some animals become adapted to
be predators?
How have some animals become adapted to
avoid
being caught as prey?
How are polar bears adapted to their
environment?
How are camels adapted to their
environment?
How are cacti adapted to their environment?
How are penguins adapted to live in cold
environments?
What are extremophiles and how are they
adapted?
How are some plants adapted to live in
cold conditions?
Why is it important for organisms to be
adapted to their environment?
What are specialist organisms?
What are generalist organisms?
NATURAL SELECTION
Give the term used to describe the changes
to a species over time.
There have been many theories of how
evolution occurs, but which scientists theory
is now widely accepted?
The prey population would decrease, causing the predators to
compete for food, predator population of eventually decrease.
Predator fluctuation is always slightly behind the prey
population because predator population can only rise if
there are plenty of prey to feed the offspring. When prey
numbers are high there is less competition so more
predator offspring will survive
An oxpecker (feeds on insects on a buffalo)
parasite benefits to the living host’s detriment eg flea on a dog
Both organisms benefit from the relationship eg buffalo and
oxpecker.
Bacteria produce nitrate for the plants to use in growth.
The plant provides the bacteria with sugar for respiration.
• binocular vision to judge distance and size
• hunting strategy
• breeding strategy.
• eyes on side of head for wide field of view
• living in groups (herds or shoals) to reduce the chance of
being caught
• cryptic and warning colouration
• mimicry
• breeding strategy (synchronous breeding).
Thick fur and blubber for insulation
Large volume to surface area to reduce heat loss
Small ears to reduce heat loss
Hump – to store fat in one place so not well insulated.
Don’t sweat – less water loss
Long eyelashes – prevent sand in eyes
Long roots to reach as much water as possible
Thick water proof cuticle – reduces water loss
Water stored in fleshy stem
Leaves are spines to reduce water loss
Counter-current heat exchange. Warm blood enters
flippers and flows past cold blood leaving. This warms
the cold blood and cools the warm blood, reducing heat
loss from the flippers.
Bacteria which have enzymes which contain enzymes
with a low optimum temperature.
Have anti-freeze proteins in their cells so they can live in
extreme cold.
So they are more able to compete for limited resources.
Organisms which can only live in one type of
environment e.g. cacti
Organisms which can survive in a wide range of
conditions eg grasses
Evolution
Charles Darwin.
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
What is natural selection?
How are adaptations controlled?
What is speciation?
What types of isolation need to occur for
speciation to happen?
Why was the theory of natural selection
initially met with hostility?
Give examples of natural selection
What was Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s
theory of evolution?
POPULATION AND POLLUTION
Describe the trend of human population
Define the term ‘finite’.
Give 2 examples of finite resources
Members of a species show variation, those better adapted
with survive (survival of the fittest), those which survive breed
and pass on the successful adaptation to their offspring.
By genes
The development of a new species through evolution.
Geological or reproductive Isolation
Lack of evidence at the time, some people believed God
created all species, objections that humans evolved from
apes.
Rats have evolved to become resistant to poison.
Bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
Peppered moths are light in clean areas and darker in more
polluted areas.
Law of acquired characteristics. Example: Giraffes have a
long neck because they have stretched to reach food and
the stretching causes the neck to become progressively
longer.
Increasing exponentially
Will run out
Fossil fuels
Minerals
What is the link between human population
The higher the population the more pollution there is,
and pollution?
including household waste, sewage, sulphur dioxide and
carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels.
What causes the increase in population?
Birth rate being higher than death rate.
What are the causes and consequences of:
• global warming – burning fossil fuels releases Carbon
• global warming
Dioxide into the atmosphere. Increase in climate could cause
• ozone depletion
sea levels to rise.
• acid rain.
• ozone depletion - CFC’s, car exhausts and aerosols. Less
protection from UV rays increasing incidence of skin cancers
• acid rain. – burning fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide
which reacts with water to make it acidic. Kills trees, makes
lakes acidic, fish die.
Where is the highest increase in
Developing countries. However, developed countries
population seen, but why does this have
have the most impact on the environment because they
less impact?
use more finite resources.
What is ‘carbon footprint’?
Measure the greenhouse gases given off by a person or
organisation in a given time.
What is an indicator species?
A species which shows how polluted an area is. Some
organisms are more tolerant of pollution than others, so will
be found living in more polluted areas.
How can pollution be measured?
• by direct measurement of pollutant levels
• by measuring the occurrence of indicator species.
Why do organisms become extinct or
• climate change
endangered?
• habitat destruction
• hunting
• pollution
• competition.
How can endangered species be conserved? • protecting habitats
• legal protection
• education programmes
• captive breeding programmes
• seed banks
• creating artificial ecosystems.
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
Why are conservation programmes set up?
Why are species at risk of extinction if
there is genetic variation?
Why are certain whale species close to
extinction?
What value do living and dead whales have?
What issues can arise from keeping whales
in captivity?
Give some examples of aspects of whale
biology that we do not fully understand.
What are some problems concerning
whaling?
What is a sustainable resource?
Give 2 examples of resources which can be
sustained.
How can fish stocks and woodland be
sustained and developed?
• protecting human food supply
• ensuring minimal damage to food chains
• future identification of plants for medical purposes
• cultural aspects.
Species would be more vulnerable to environmental
change
Hunting, pollution, loss of food supply.
Tourism when alive; food, oil and cosmetics when dead.
Entertainment, research, captive breeding programmes and
lack of freedom.
Communication, migration patterns and survival at
extreme depths.
Getting international agreement, policing and enforcing
such agreements and hunting for research.
Resource can be removed from the environment without it
running out.
• fish stocks
• woodland.
• education
• quotas on fishing
• re-planting of woodland.