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B2 Learning Outcome Questions
Question
CLASSIFICATION
Name the 5 kingdoms
What characteristics are used to place
organisms into the correct kingdom?
Describe how organisms are classified,
starting with kingdom.
Why can it be difficult to classify organisms?
What do evolutionary trees show?
What is artificial classification?
What is natural classification?
What are the different classes of arthropod
and what are their characteristics?
What is a species?
Why are binominal names for organisms
important?
What are evolutionary trees?
Why do similar species tend to live in similar
habitats?
ENERGY FLOW
What is a trophic level?
What is a consumer?
Explain why some organisms are secondary
and primary consumers?
What do pyramids of numbers show?
What do pyramids of biomass show?
What does a food web show?
How can energy be lost from food chains?
Explain how an increase in the number of
predators in a food web would affect the
population of prey.
RECYCLING
What happens when plants and animals die?
What are decomposers?
Name 2 elements which are recycled?
How carbon is recycled in nature?
What percentage of the atmosphere is made
Answer
Plants, animals, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotes.
Plants – use light to produce food, cells have cellulose cell
wall.
Animals – feed on other organisms, no cell walls
Fungi – make spores instead of seeds, cell wall made of chitin
Protoctista – made up of one cell
Prokaryotes – no nucleus, cell wall but not made of cellulose
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
Continually evolving and new organisms are discovered.
The ecological and evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
Based on characteristics
Based on evolution.
Insect – body in 3 sections, 6 legs eg beetle
Arachnids – body in 2 sections, 8 legs eg spider
Crustaceans – body in 2 sections, at least 10 legs eg crab
Myriapods – body in 2 sections, lots of leg eg millipede
Animals that can breed together to produce fertile offspring
So people who speak different languages ccan use the same
name for a species.
Chart to show how species have evolved.
Because they share features which allow them to survive
there.
Feeding level in a food chain/web.
An organism which consumes other organisms
Primary – are herbivores (eat plants)
Secondary – are carnivores (eat animals)
Some animals eat both
The number of organisms at each trophic level
The amount of dry mass at each trophic level.
The relationship between all organisms within a habitat.
Heat from respiration
Excretion
Egestion.
The population of prey would decrease as there will be more
predators to eat them. The prey will not have time to
reproduce. The prey may die out.
Their bodies decay and elements are recycled.
Bacteria and fungi which decay dead organisms
Carbon and nitrogen
 Plants removing carbon dioxide from the air by
photosynthesis
 Feeding passes carbon compounds along a food
chain or web
 Plants and animals releasing carbon dioxide into the
air, as a product of respiration
 Burning of fossil fuels (combustion) releasing carbon
dioxide
 Soil bacteria and fungi, acting as decomposers,
releasing carbon dioxide into the air.
78%
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
up of nitrogen?
Why does nitrogen have to be converted to
nitrates for plants to use?
Why does recycling of nutrients take longer
in waterlogged or acidic soils than it does in
well drained soils?
Explain how nitrogen is recycled in nature,
INTERDEPENDENCE
What to plants and Animals compete for?
Why do similar animals in the same habitat
in close competition?
The atmospheres nitrogen, N2, has a very strong bond
between the atoms Under normal conditions it won’t react
with anything and it can’t be used by animals or plants.
There is less nitrifying bacteria in acidic or waterlogged soil.
• plants taking in nitrates from the soil to make protein for
growth
• feeding passes nitrogen compounds along a food chain or
web
• nitrogen compounds in dead plants and animals being
broken down by decomposers and returning to the soil.
Food, water, shelter, mates (animals), light (plants), minerals
(plants)
Because they are adapted to live in the same habitat and will
compete for the same food/shelter
What effect would increasing the number of
predators have on the population of prey
species?
Give an example of a cleaner species
What is a parasite? Give an example
The prey population would decrease, causing the predators to
compete for food, predator population of eventually decrease.
What is mutualism? Give an example
Both organisms benefit from the relationship eg buffalo and
oxpecker.
ADAPTATIONS
How have some animals become adapted to
be predators?
How have some animals become adapted to
avoid
being caught as prey?
How are polar bears adapted to their
environment?
How are camels adapted to their
environment?
How are cacti adapted to their environment?
Why is it important for organisms to be
adapted to their environment?
NATURAL SELECTION
Give the term used to describe the changes
to a species over time.
There have been many theories of how
evolution occurs, but which scientists theory
is now widely accepted?
An oxpecker (feeds on insects on a buffalo)
parasite benefits to the living host’s detriment eg flea on a dog
• binocular vision to judge distance and size
• hunting strategy
• breeding strategy.
• eyes on side of head for wide field of view
• living in groups (herds or shoals) to reduce the chance of
being caught
• cryptic and warning colouration
• mimicry
• breeding strategy (synchronous breeding).
Thick fur and blubber for insulation
Large volume to surface area to reduce heat loss
Small ears to reduce heat loss
Hump – to store fat in one place so not well insulated.
Don’t sweat – less water loss
Long eyelashes – prevent sand in eyes
Long roots to reach as much water as possible
Thick water proof cuticle – reduces water loss
Water stored in fleshy stem
Leaves are spines to reduce water loss
So they are more able to compete for limited resources.
Evolution
Charles Darwin.
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
What is natural selection?
How are adaptations controlled?
Why was the theory of natural selection
initially met with hostility?
Give examples of natural selection
Members of a species show variation, those better adapted
with survive (survival of the fittest), those which survive breed
and pass on the successful adaptation to their offspring.
By genes
Lack of evidence at the time, some people believed God
created all species, objections that humans evolved from
apes.
Rats have evolved to become resistant to poison.
Bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
Peppered moths are light in clean areas and darker in more
polluted areas.
POPULATION AND POLLUTION
Describe the trend of human population
Define the term ‘finite’.
Give 2 examples of finite resources
Increasing exponentially
Will run out
Fossil fuels
Minerals
What is the link between human population
The higher the population the more pollution there is,
and pollution?
including household waste, sewage, sulphur dioxide and
carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels.
What causes the increase in population?
Birth rate being higher than death rate.
What are the causes and consequences of:
• global warming – burning fossil fuels releases Carbon
• global warming
Dioxide into the atmosphere. Increase in climate could cause
• ozone depletion
sea levels to rise.
• acid rain.
• ozone depletion - CFC’s, car exhausts and aerosols. Less
protection from UV rays increasing incidence of skin cancers
• acid rain. – burning fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide
which reacts with water to make it acidic. Kills trees, makes
lakes acidic, fish die.
What is an indicator species?
A species which shows how polluted an area is. Some
organisms are more tolerant of pollution than others, so will
be found living in more polluted areas.
How can pollution be measured?
• by direct measurement of pollutant levels
• by measuring the occurrence of indicator species.
Why do organisms become extinct or
• climate change
endangered?
• habitat destruction
• hunting
• pollution
• competition.
How can endangered species be conserved? • protecting habitats
• legal protection
• education programmes
• captive breeding programmes
• seed banks
• creating artificial ecosystems.
Why are conservation programmes set up?
Why are certain whale species close to
extinction?
What value do living and dead whales have?
What issues can arise from keeping whales
in captivity?
What is a sustainable resource?
Give 2 examples of resources which can be
• protecting human food supply
• ensuring minimal damage to food chains
• future identification of plants for medical purposes
• cultural aspects.
Hunting, pollution, loss of food supply.
Tourism when alive; food, oil and cosmetics when dead.
Entertainment, research, captive breeding programmes and
lack of freedom.
Resource can be removed from the environment without it
running out.
• fish stocks
B2 Learning Outcome Questions
sustained.
How can fish stocks and woodland be
sustained and developed?
• woodland.
• education
• quotas on fishing
• re-planting of woodland.