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Glossary of Terms Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors These drugs act by inhibiting the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase which breaks down the neuro-transmitter acetylcholine in the brain. As a result, an increased concentration of acetylcholine leads to increased communication between nerve cells. This may temporarily alleviate or stabilise some symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Aetiology Is the study of the causes of a disease Atrioventricular block If the heart is working properly, the electrical signal will travel from the sinus node to the top chambers of the heart (atria) and then on to the lower chambers (ventricles). Atrioventricular block is when there is a problem with the AV node. There is a delay or block in the electrical impulses travelling between the atria and the ventricles. Atrioventricular dysregulation Imp airme nt of the top chambers of the heart (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles). Bradycardia There are many different types of abnormal heart rhythm. The overarching name for a slow heart rhythm is bradycardia. GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory receptors GABA and glycine are arguably the most important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain and brainstem/spinal cord, respectively. These inhibitory amino acids are of particular interest to the neuropsychopharmacologist, because many commonly studied (and therapeutically useful) drugs work by selectively affecting these two neurotransmitter systems. Muscarinic receptors Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons [1] and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system. Neurones Neurones are nerve cells. They carry information as tiny electrical signals. There are three different types of neurones, each with a slightly different function: 1. sensory neurones carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain. 2. relay neurones carry messages from one part of the CNS to another. 3. motor neurones carry signals from the CNS to effectors. Neurotransmission also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). Neurotransmitter also known as chemical messengers, are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission Parasympathetic activation The parasympathetic nervous system (usually abbreviated PSNS, not PNS, to avoid confusion with the peripheral nervous system [PNS]) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the sympathetic nervous system PR prolongation First-degree atrioventricular block (AV block), or PR prolongation, is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart in which the PR interval is lengthened beyond 0.20 seconds. Sick sinus syndrome The sinus node is a special group of cells in the heart, also known as the heart’s natural pacemaker. The sinus node sends out regular electrical impulses that travel through an ‘electrical pathway’ in the heart, causing the chambers of the heart to contract and pump the blood through the heart and out to the lungs and the rest of the body. When these cells are not working properly, this is known as sinus node disease. Sino-atrial block sinoatrial block a type of heart block characterized by partial or complete interference with the propagation of impulses from the sinoatrial node to the atria, resulting in delay or absence of the atrial response. Sinus bradycardia The normal electrical pattern of the heart is known as sinus rhythm. A normal sinus rhythm will generally cause the heart to beat between 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm) when they’re resting. If the sinus rhythm is slow, this is known as sinus bradycardia. Sinus node disease (see Sick sinus syndrome) Syncope Cardio-inhibitory syncope is when someone collapses and temporarily loses consciousness. It happens when there is a pause of a few seconds in the heart rhythm. Vagal nerve The vagus nerve (/ˈveɪɡəs/ vay-gəs), historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart and digestive tract. The vagus nerves are paired; however, they are normally referred to in the singular. Vagal activity (or Vagal Tone) 1 the level of activity in the parasympathetic nervous system. 2 the inhibitory control of the vagus nerve over heart rate and atrioventricular conduction. Extrasystole A heartbeat outside the normal rhythm, as often occurs in normal individuals Tachycardia An abnormally rapid heart rate. Myocardial infarction A heart attack.