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YEAR 7 HISTORY REVISION What is History? Learn the information Evidence a collection of information that we can use to make a decision - there are four main types – oral, visual, physical and written Source = an object or item we can use as a clue to tell us about the past. Accurate = it is correct in all details. It will be backed up by evidence that many people will agree with. If a source is reliable it is trustworthy. This means it can be used to help you to find something out. Bias is a one sided personal view or opinion. If someone is biased, they are taking a one-sided view because of their own personal views / opinion. When we put events in order, we are putting them in the correct CHRONOLOGICAL order. BC= Before Christ AD = After Christ Primary= These sources were made or written at the time the event happened Secondary = These sources were made or produced after the event Facts: information we can prove to be true Opinions: your own view of the events Why did Rome expand? EMPIRE A group of countries controlled by one government or person. This could be an Emperor (male leader) or Empress (female leader.) REPUBLIC A state in which power is held by the people and they elect representatives to govern of their behalf Caesar - The Build Up The Legacy The death of Caesar ended the Republic and started the Roman Empire His son, Octavian became the first emperor He reformed the calendar which has been changed little over the millennia The month July is named after him He inspired Shakespeare to write a play about him. The General • Caesar was a successful army general • This meant he spent a lot of time with the plebeians as well as patricians • He strongly believed in the rights of the plebeians • He knew true power came with the support of the people His changes • He helped limit slavery by ordering landowners to hire workers rather than use slaves • He made public games free to all the people of Rome • He built more roads (helping the unemployed) Coins • Caesar was the first Roman to have his face put on a coin while he was still alive • The Romans believed only ancestors and gods could be pictured • Caesar was equating himself with gods and Eastern kings Ego • He has appointed himself Dictator-for-Life. Caesar now rules alone- no longer getting another consul • Starts wearing an all-purple toga and red shoes like a god or a king Egypt • It is thought Cleopatra was his mistress • She has a son she names Caesarion • So he spent a lot of time away from Rome in Egypt Death • Caesar was murdered by plotters, Brutus was a part of it. Caesar received 23 blows as people fought to kill him, for them he had become to powerful. The Olympians are a group of 12 gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans. All the Olympians are related in some way. They are named after their dwelling place, Mount Olympus. The Romans and the Greeks shared the same stories, but they used different names. Roman Name Greek Name Jupiter Zeus He was the master of the gods and the main god of the Romans. He held thunderbolts which he could hurl from the sky. Juno Hera She was the wife of Jupiter, the goddess of women and fertility. Protector of marriage, spent most of her time punishing the many women Zeus fell in love with. Neptune Poseidon He was the powerful god of the sea. His symbol was the trident. Pluto Hades Mars Ares Venus Aphrodite Minerva Athene Ceres Demeter She was the goddess of the harvest, always depicted carrying a bundle of grain. Diana Artemis She was the goddess of hunting and a goddess of the moon. Mercury Hermes He was the messenger of the gods. The wings on his helmet and sandals allowed him to travel quickly to wherever a god might send him. He was the god of travellers and tradesmen. Vesta Hestea She was the goddess of the heart and home and was very important to Romans. In her temple a flame was always kept burning as in the 'hearth of Rome'. Apollo Apollo God of music, healing, light, and truth. He moved the sun across the sky. Description He was the god of the underworld and the judge of the dead. He was also the god of mined metals like gold and silver- the physical underworld. He was the god of war, the strongest and most fearsome god, except for Jupiter. She was the goddess of love and beauty. She was the goddess of wisdom, learning, art crafts and industry. Her symbol was the owl. Structure of the Roman Army Legion made up of 6000 legionaries Divided into 10 cohorts Divided into 6 centuries 100 100 100 100 100 100 A Roman soldier’s armour and weapons Each soldier wore a steel helmet, a wool tunic and a protective vest made of leather and strips of metal to the front. Roman soldiers wore no armour on their back. Soldiers weapons included 2 long spears called javelins, a sword and a dagger. Soldiers had a wooden shield to help protect themselves. Roman soldiers wore hob-nailed sandals. Why become a Roman Soldier? You could earn a good reliable wage Uniform, weapons and equipment all provided You would be fit, strong and brave – impress all the ladies! If you were brave, you were rewarded with a crown! After your service in the army you usually received some land or money You could earn extra money from robbing those you defeated Roman Gladiators The Roman amphitheatre was the centre of public entertainment all over the Roman Empire. People would go to the amphitheatre to see men fighting wild beasts or each other. These men were called Gladiators. Who were the Gladiators? • Slaves, criminals, prisoners of war or paid professional fighters. • The Gladiators would train/exercise every day to help prepare them for fights. • If they won a lot of fights they would earn money which they could use to buy their freedom. • If you were a really good gladiator and won a lot of fights you would become quite famous in the Roman Empire. The Games • Some gladiator fights were part of a big event called ‘the Games’ • These games would take place in the Colosseum in Rome. • 50,000 people could watch the games. • During the games they had three different fights. In the morning there would be animal shows were animals would fight each other. • In the afternoon gladiators would fight against animals and then finally it would be time for gladiator fights. What was it like at a Gladiator fight? • The popularity of these fights led to the deaths of over 800,000 people in the Colosseum in Rome. • The Emperor would decide if the gladiator should live or die he would listen to the crowds noises before deciding if a gladiator should live or die. • A lot of Roman citizens would gamble money on who would win certain fights. • Rich citizens normally sat near the front and the poor citizens sat at the back • The crowd were often very rowdy and enjoyed seeing the violence of the fights. 1) Samnite 2) Murmillo Different types of Gladiators 3) Thracian 4) Retiarius Reasons why the Romans invaded Britain In 55 BC the Romans were fighting in Gaul (France). The British sided with Gaul. The Roman leader, Julius Caesar, decided to teach the British a lesson. He invaded but did not stay long. Britain had silver and gold mines which the Romans wanted! There was also lead (plumbing), wood (building), tin (cups and plates), wool and leather (clothes), pearls (jewellery) and corn (food). Julius Caesar thought a The Roman Empire successful invasion against was growing in size. the British would make him They needed to look brave! Britain’s wealth and resources to feed their growing population The British traded with the Romans but were not part of the Empire. The Emperor Claudius was jealous of the money Britain had. He invaded in 54AD and was successful. The Romans wanted to conquer as many countries as possible to have a large empire. The Romans wanted to turn some of the British into slaves. The whole Roman economy was based on slave labour The Romans believed it was their duty to improve the lives of people in Britain by building better houses and water supplies. Caesar thought that the British were brave fighters and would be good additions to the army. The Normans On the death of Edward the Confessor on 5 January 1066, three men claimed the crown of England: HAROLD GODWINSON, WILLIAM DUKE OF NORMANDY AND HARALD HARDRADA ,KING OF NORWAY. The Battle of Stanford Bridge The Battle of Hastings 1066 William's problems William’s solutions At Dover there is a strong castle full of English soldiers. Go straight to Dover and kill all the soldiers in the castle. You can leave your own soldiers there instead. Some of Harold’s troops did not come to Hastings and are still in London. If they want to fight they can come to you. Wait in Hastings and see if they want to fight. Much of Northern England supports invasion by the Vikings. Send soldiers to kill all the people who rebel against you. Punish them by destroying villages and farms across a wide area around York. Many English lords did not support William. He could not trust them Make those English Lords promise to be loyal to you. If they do this allow them to keep their lands. Money is required, but there is no record of the wealth of the country. Create a record of the wealth of the country and make people pay taxes. The Feudal System was introduced to England following the invasion and conquest of the country by William I (The Conqueror). The system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. It was a simple, but effective system, where all land was owned by the King. One quarter was kept by the King as his personal property, some was given to the church and the rest was leased out under strict controls. Who introduced the Motte and Bailey Castles to England? The Normans from France, introduced the Motte and Bailey castle to England, when they invaded the country in 1066. It is believed that as many as 1000 Motte and Bailey Castles were built in England by the Normans. How were Motte and Bailey Castles built? The most important part of the Motte and Bailey castle was the Keep. It was built on a huge mound (the Motte). Mottes ranged from 25 feet (8 metres) to over 80 feet (24 metres) in height. The sides of the Motte were so steep that it would have been impossible to run up them in one go. For added protection, a deep ditch was dug around the bottom of the Motte. What were the advantages of Motte and Bailey castles? Motte and Bailey castles were quick and cheap to erect - some only took a couple of weeks! The huge Motte with its timber tower on top gave the defenders an advantage. The Bailey was designed so that any point on its circumference (outer edge) would be within bowshot of the tower. What were the disadvantages of Motte and Bailey castles? Wooden castles were not very strong. The wooden structures caught fire easily. Harry = To attack a place lots of times and very aggressively.