Download Global Warming and Science

Global Warming and
Science
So far the balanced story of basic science is not getting through to the public
There is at least one alternate hypothesis
and a new theory
Fran Manns, Artesian Geological Research, Toronto
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What is Global Warming?

Throughout time the Earth’s climate has varied

Since the base of the Pleistocene (1.8 M ya) there have been at least 30
glacial - interglacial cycles of 40,000 years to 100,000 years duration
with interglacial periods warmer than now between them

Sea level has risen 125 metres in the past 20,000 years. That 6 mm a
year (arithmetic average).


ICPP recently cited 2-3 mm a year – one might say it’s slowing down.
The world’s coastal tribes have flood myths because they migrated around
the world and lived upon the continental shelves

Between glacial ages the climate varies due to external and internal
influences – some result in cooling. Others allow the Earth to warm

There are short-term cycles – e.g. ‘El Niño’, among others: for
example - the 10 to 12 year long solar energy cycles, and cycles that
relate to oscillation of Atlantic and Pacific ocean masses, and the
Milankovich orbital cycle.
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Pennekamp Park – Key Largo
SCOOP - “Reefs keep pace with 125 metre
sea level rise”
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Athabasca Glacier has been
receding since the Little Ice Age
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Moraine From the Little Ice Age
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Solar System Perspective
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What If?
 If The atmosphere did not absorb incoming heat, we would
roast all day and freeze-dry at night and end up like sun-dried
tomatoes
 Mercury - + 427 to – 172 ºC
 Mars - temperate zone soil
+ 27 to – 80 ºC
 Moon - + 107 to - 153 ºC
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What is the Greenhouse Effect?
 Certain gasses in the atmosphere are alleged to
absorb heat energy and reduce the amount that
escapes into space
 This ‘trapping’ of heat from our only source of
warmth – the Sun – by the atmosphere is known as
the ‘Greenhouse Effect’
 This gives us a global average temperature of
+15°C rather than -18°C if we had no Greenhouse
Effect
 An hypothesis unsupported by experiment – could
be cloud cover alone…the jury is out
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Important Facts
 Water vapour is the most important
greenhouse gas - ~ 60 - 98% of the
greenhouse effect is due to water vapour in
the atmosphere (jury still out)
 CO2 and other minor gasses account for the
remainder
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Contribution to the Greenhouse
Effect (including water vapour)
http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/greenhouse_data.html
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Is Global Warming Happening?
 Lets examine some very wiggly curves
 Death Valley California (not much urban growth here) -
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Berkeley California
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No global warming here
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Blaine Washington
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New York NY
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Albany NY
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Michael Crichton - “State of Fear”,
December 2004, Harper Collins
 New York city has a fever but
why not Albany?
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Harrisburg Pa – Civil War gap
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Chicago Illinois
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Buffalo NY
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Key West Florida
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Global Warming
 Typically the majority of weather stations yield corrupt time
series data
 Those weather stations are located where people are living.
Thus, it is far from a random sample of the surface of the
world, rather a measure of increasing human density
 Death Valley, Key West,, and Blaine are far (remote) from
urban centres and are likely more reliable Who knows about
Berkeley? Albany vs. New York City?
 Since 1979, temperatures have been measured from
satellites. Not surprisingly, these measurements give a much
smaller warming.
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Realistically
 The planet is not warming in the dramatic manner the
alarmists claim
 There are many other sites that demonstrate cooling
 I accept slow climate change but not the drama
 EARTH’S CLIMATE IS ALWAYS CHANGING
 I do not accept the popular ‘cause’ – CO2
 Why are the graphs so wiggly?
 Because climate is not weather
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Niagara Falls NY – 1911
The next Ice Age predicted…
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“Relax, the planet is fine…”
National Post - Earth Day 07
The Wegman Report: Ad Hoc Committee on the Hockey Stick Global Climate
Reconstruction, This report was authored by Edward J. Wegman, George Mason
University, David W. Scott, Rice University, and Yasmin H. Said, The Johns
Hopkins University
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Thompson, Lonnie G. et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10536-10543
Fig. 6. Climate reconstructions over the last two centuries [SIC : millennia].
Medieval warm period missing – Little Ice Age ???
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Kamél, 2003
 “In the past couple of years, new and better analysis
of the Antarctic ice data, giving a better time
resolution, have shown that first temperature rises,
and then carbon dioxide levels increase. It is the
temperature increase which causes the increase in
CO2 and not the other way around.
 The extra CO2 could at most add a little extra
warming to what is going on, but not even that is
certain”.
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CO2 increase in the atmosphere is
a trailing phenomenon
Throughout the greatest temperature transitions
experienced by the planet over the past 420,000
years, atmospheric CO2 concentration has been
proven to have been a follower, and not a leader, of
climate change, rising from one to five thousand
years after major increases in air temperature, and
falling in similar manner throughout the course of
the past four glacial/interglacial cycles (Mudelsee,
M., 2001).
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CO2 has inverse solubility in liquid
 Solubility of solids increases directly with
temperature of the solvent
 sugar dissolves more rapidly in hot water than
cold
 Carbon dioxide dissolves quickly in cold
water and evolves rapidly out of warm water
 Don’t shake your Doctor Pepper!
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Observations
 Warming precedes CO2 increase - likely due
to warming of the oceans
 CO2 has inverse solubility in liquid (warm your
Guinness to see this effect)
 CO2 has a geometrically wasting greenhouse
gas effect – more CO2– less effectiveness
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And…
 You might say, and ‘alarmists’ say every day,
that the new anthropogenic CO2 from the
industrial revolution is tipping the climate over
into uncontrollable heating…
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Water vapour is the most
important greenhouse gas
 The most variable component of the atmosphere is
water in its various phases such as vapour, cloud
droplets, and ice crystals. Water vapour is the
strongest greenhouse gas. For these reasons and
because the transition between the various phases
absorb and release so much energy, water vapour is
central to the climate and its variability and change.
Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
Section 1.1.2 The Climate System
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Absorption wavelength
CO2 vs. H2O
Three CO2 absorption wavelengths at 1.4, 1.9, and
2.4 μm cannot compete with nine H2O bands
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Beck, Ernst-Georg, 2007: 180 Years of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements by
Chemical Means, Energy and Environment, Vol. 8 No.2 March.
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Beck, Ernst-Georg, 2007: 180 Years of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements by
Chemical Means, Energy and Environment, Vol. 8 No.2 March.
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Beck, Ernst-Georg, 2007: 180 Years of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements by
Chemical Means, Energy and Environment, Vol. 8 No.2 March.
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Beck, Ernst-Georg, 2007: 180 Years of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements by
Chemical Means, Energy and Environment, Vol. 8 No.2 March.
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CO2 data used by the UN ICPP has fatal flaws
 Beck shows several instances when CO2 was
higher than today at Mauna Loa
 Most recently (1942) CO2 exceeded 400 ppm
 Cynics would say the Beck (2007)data are
regionalized variables and realists might say
“Why use Mauna Loa, an active volcano that
emits CO2?”
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UN ICPP 1740 – 2000
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ICPP CO2 data is F(Flawed)UBAR
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Downward forcing - all greenhouse gasses vs. increasing CO2 content
- Willis Eschenbach
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CO2 Feedback effect
 Has a geometrically wasting property (Kamél, 2003)
 Analogous to Venetian blinds and light
 Adding a second and third set of Venetian blinds to the
same window becomes decreasingly effective in blocking
outgoing light
 More CO2– less additional greenhouse effect
 Increase in CO2 has less effect because
 Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere has exactly one
important spectral line in the infrared part of the spectrum. This
line is clearly saturated.
 If you increase the number of CO2 molecules in the atmosphere,
not much will happen
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Well then what is the likely cause ?
Annual Sunspot Averages 1700 to 2003
200
180
160
140
120
100
y = 0.1139x + 32.886
R2 = 0.061
80
60
40
20
0
1700
1720
1740
1760
1780
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
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Look up! - recognise the variation is in the fourth significant digit
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CO2 vs. Friis-Christensen and Lassen
(Science, 1991)
"Dr. Tim Patterson after Friis-Christensen & Lassen, 1991"
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CO2 and Temperature Anomaly
 Temperature rise preceded CO2 from 1890
to 1950
 CO2 does not correlate with temperature
anomaly from 1940 to 1970
 Temperature rise does correlate with solar
activity
 CO2 rise cannot be a cause of warming
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Friis-Christensen and Lassen
(1991) Science Magazine
 95% correlation between sunspot peak
frequency and the temperature anomaly
 Sunspot curve, moreover, leads the
temperature curve
 But, correlation is not causation
 What is the cause?
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The subtle part…
 It is not only the number of
sunspots…
 It is not only the heat flux…
 It is not only the peak
frequency…
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Danish National Space Centre
 “It is already well-established that when cosmic rays, which are high-speed
atomic particles originating in exploded stars far away in the Milky Way,
penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere, they produce substantial amounts of ions
and release free electrons.
 …results from the Danish experiment show that the released electrons play
a significant role in promoting the formation of building blocks for cloud
condensation nuclei, on which water vapor condenses to make clouds.
Hence, a causal mechanism by which cosmic rays can facilitate the
production of clouds in Earth’s atmosphere has been experimentally
identified for the first time.”
 http://www.spacecenter.dk/publications/press-releases/getting-closer-to-thecosmic-connection-to-climate
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Danish Space Centre Theory
 ‘Active’ sun → enhanced magnetic and thermal flux = solar wind →
geomagnetic shield response → less low-level clouds → less albedo
(less heat reflected) → warmer climate
 Less active sun → reduced magnetic and thermal flux = reduced solar
wind → geomagnetic shield drops → galactic cosmic ray flux → more
low-level clouds → More snow → more albedo (more heat reflected)
→ colder climate
 That's how the bulk of climate change works
 Coupled with sunspot peak frequency there are cycles of
global warming and cooling like waves in the ocean
 When the waves are closely spaced, the planet warms
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Potentially large sources of cosmic
radiation - our star is one pixel
Betelgeuse is 427 light years away; Antares 600 light years away.
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We are at the end of the 23rd Cycle
since sunspots were first recorded
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Why, realistically, conspiracy theories
aside…
 Is CO2 the target?
 CO2 hypothesis has precedence (1897)?
 Media propagation? – ‘Bottom Line’
 Repetition of stale ‘science’
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Bandwagon ‘science’? - DDT and Malaria!
Consensus ‘science’? - Copernicus and Galileo!
Publish or perish? - Mann and the Hockey Stick
Research grants? – Tied to outcome
 All of the above?
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Original Sin
Gracious no! Humans can only claim responsibility, if
that's the word, for about 3.4% of carbon dioxide
emitted to the atmosphere annually, the rest of it is all
natural (IPCC, Woods Hole)
Anthropogenic is 0.11% of the global CO2 cycle
Better term is ‘Anthropocentric’ implying narcissism
of the environmental lobby groups
Was that not the Galileo-Copernican dilemma?
www.CO2Science.org
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My hypothesis is volcanic
 Eruption of Krakatau, 1883
 There has not been much warming of the Gulf of Mexico in modern
time
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Skepticism or Objectivity
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Moving to higher ground.. Here is
An Inconvenient Truth
"A scientific hypothesis that survives experimental
testing becomes a scientific theory"
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Take this test!
 http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/Glob
WarmTest/start.html
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Albert Einstein said:
" If you succeed in using the nuclearphysical findings for peaceful purposes,
it will open the way to a new paradise".
Francis T. Manns, Ph.D., P.Geo. (Ontario)
[email protected]
323 Blantyre Avenue
Toronto Ontario
M1N 2S6 Canada
416-698-6291
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Key References
Friis-Christensen, E. and K. Lassen, 1991: Length of the Solar Cycle - an indicator
of solar activity closely associated with climate, Science, New Series, Vol. 254,
No. 5032, Nov. 1, 1991, pp.698-700.
Svensmark, Henrik, Jens Olaf P. Pedersen, Nigel D. Marsh, Martin B. Enghoff,
and Ulrik I. Uggerhoj, 2006: Experimental evidence for the role of ions in
particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions, Proceedings of the Royal
Society (A), Proc. R Soc. A, doi:10.1098/rspa.20061773. Published online.
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CO2 Analyses and Methodology
 Beck, Ernst-Georg, 2007: 180 Years of Atmospheric
CO2 Gas Analyses by Chemical Methods, Energy
and Environment, Vol. 18, No. 2 2007.
 Jaworoski, Zbigniew, 2007: CO2: the Greatest
Scientific Scandal of Our Time, EIR Science, 16
March 2007.
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References
Temperature
Lars Kamél, 2003: Temperature measurements: Is climate research
pseudo science?
Swedish original text from June, English translation from Nov, 2003, a
few updates made since.
http://www.astro.uu.se/~l/noworry.htm
United States Historical Climatology Network dataset
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/ushcn/ushcn.html
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References
CO2 as plant food
Eamus, D. 1996: Responses of field grown trees to CO2
enrichment. Commonwealth Forestry Review 75: 39-47.
Eklundh, L. and Olsson, L. 2003: Vegetation index trends
for the African Sahel 1982-1999. Geophysical Research
Letters 30: 10.1029/2002GL016772.
Saxe, H., Ellsworth, D.S. and Heath, J. 1998: Tree and
forest functioning in an enriched CO2 atmosphere. New
Phytologist 139: 395-436.
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References
CO2 Saturation
Elachi, Charles, 1987: Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of
Remote Sensing (John Wiley & Sons)
Kamél, Lars, 2003: Why we don't have to worry about CO2,
Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsala,
Sweden
http://www.astro.uu.se/~l/noworry.htm
CO2 Trailing effect
Mudelsee, M., 2001: The phase relations among atmospheric CO2
content, temperature and global ice volume over the past 420
ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 583-589.
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Other Reading
deFreitas, C.R., 2002: Are observed changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere really dangerous?, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, Vol. 50,
No. 2 (June 2002), pp. 297-327, School of Geology and Environmental Science,
Auckland, New Zealand.
McIntyre, Steven and McKitrick, Ross, 2005: Hockey Sticks, principal components,
and spurious significance, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L03710,
doi:10.1029/2004GL021750
Wegman, Edward J., David W. Scott and Yasmin H. Said, 2006: Ad hoc committee
report on the ‘Hockey stick’ global climate reconstruction, To The Chairman of the
Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Chairman of the Subcommittee on
Oversight and Investigations, US House of Representatives.
The IPCC Report Climate Change 2001: Third Assessment Report consists of four
sub-reports: 1) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, 2) Climate Change
2001: Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerabilities, 3) Climate Change 2001:Mitigation,
and 4) Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report.
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Acknowledgements
 Jim Tilsley
 Les Manns
 Richard Bedell
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