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Class 6 Chapter 3 Tense, modality and aspect are separate concepts • The components of the MAIN VERB MV. • The three categories tense, aspect and mood indicate the status of the verb. • Grammar books usually lump the three concepts into one category that they call ‘tense’. • We look at these categories as separate but closely related grammatical concepts that overlap with real-world time but aren’t always the same thing. How do we indicate tense? What are the constituents that make up modality and aspect? Tense, modality, and aspect define the status of the main verb Why is it more productive to think of tense, modality and aspect as three separate categories indicating the status of the verb? Tense, modality and aspect occur as distinct forms. They are marked in three different ways. Examples Play Played tense Might play modality Has played aspect Continued… • Underlying these changes from tense to mood to aspect is a system that works in a regular manner for all but a small set of verbs in the language. • The verb, along with the forms that show its tense, mood and aspect is called the MAIN VERB. • The forms that show tense, modality and aspect constitute the auxiliary elements of the main verb. Tense determines the physical form of a verb English verbs exhibit two tense forms-which are called PAST and PRESENT- Form 1 and Form 2. The English language can still show future time and other real-time concepts. The past tense form clearly relates to past time than the present tense form relates to present time. Examples My neighbor walked her dog My neighbor walks her dog Look at these examples Superman defeats Lex Luther again and again In early comic books, superman defeats villain after villain. My plane leaves in three hours S VP: pred NP: Subj PosPro my MV: Past NP: Dobj N VT PosPron neighbor walked her N dog MV: pres s VP: Pred NP: Subj MV: pres N VT Superman defeats NP: Dobj N L.L Adv: Adv-frequ again and again A sentence is a noun phrase plus a finite verb phrase • Tense is the only one of the three main verb concepts that must occur in the verb phrase predicate of the sentence.. • Without tense a verb can not be a predicate. • A sentence is noun phrase subject plus a verb phrase that contains tense. • A verb that exhibits tense is called FINITE. • A verb that is not in a tense form is called an INFINITE, NONFINITE OR BASE FORM. Mood denotes the purpose of a sentence • When a sentence makes a statement, it is in the indicative mood. • When it asks a question, it is in the interrogative mood. • When it gives a command, it is in the imperative mood. • When it indicates possibility, it is in the conditional mood. Modal auxiliaries indicate conditional mood The most common modal auxiliaries are: Base/present form past form Can could Shall should Will would May might must Phrases like ought to, need sometimes called SEMIMODALS. to are Continued….. • When they occur in a sentence, modal auxiliaries always occur at the beginning of the main verb constituents and they carry tense. S VP: Pred MV: Past Cond NP: Subj Aux NP: Dobj N M VT Adj N photography might promote visual awareness Conditional mood indicates possibility Conditional mood indicates possibility ad the related notions of certainty, obligation, desire, necessity, promise, permission and even threat. Conditional concepts are concerned with events in the future. modals are sometimes said to express futurity Examples, I will visit my grandpa I will visit my grandpa tomorrow The verb following a modal auxiliary is always in its nonfinite form. English speakers indicate future time with adverbs and the conditional mood Examples, They will talk to him on Friday Speakers of English can indicate future time easily enough. Generally we indicate future time by making the main verb conditional and by adding an adverb of time to the sentence. Aspect indicates that the action of the verb is completed or continuing • AXILIAY HAVE PLUS A PAST PARTICIPLE MAKES PERFECT ASPECT. • Both past and present perfect indicate that the action of the verb is completed. • Examples, • have left • had left. Continued… • Perfect aspect is shown by the auxiliary HAVE followed by a PAST PARTICIPLE • Have/has predicted present participle. • Had predicted past participle. • The ‘past’ and ‘present’ designations refer to the tense form of the auxiliary HAVE. A past participle is the form of a verb that can follow HAVE • The past participle of a regular verb is the same as the past tense form of the verb. • Past participle forms of irregular verbs vary with the verb. Some add –n or –en to the basic form: • Drive driven • Write written Some change a vowel: Drink drunk Others do not change pronunciation from their base form: Become become Auxiliary BE plus a present participle makes progressive aspect • Progressive aspect is composed of a form of BE used as a n auxiliary, followed by a PRESENT PARTICIPLE, as in, • Amy was doing her homework. • The web is connecting families. Conditional, perfective, and progressive can occur together • For example, • He did ( past tense) • He can do ( present conditional) • He might have done ( past perfect conditional) • He has been doing ( present perfect progressive) • He should have been doing ( past perfect progressive conditional) • Only the first word in the main verb is a tense form. • Verbs have five forms, called principal parts Here is an example of a verb and its principal parts: Base/infinitive write Present tense write(s) Past tense wrote Present participle writing Past participle written A main verb may contain tense, modality, perfective aspect, and progressive aspect • Here is a schematic of the possible combination of tense, modality and aspect within the main verb. Tense + (Modal)+ (Perfect) + (Progressive)+ Verb A main verb may expanded in eight ways be • The following schematics indicate that a main verb may be expanded in eight ways: • • • • • • • • Tense + Verb Tense + Modal + Verb Tense + Perfect + Verb Tense + progressive + Verb Tense + Modal + Perfect +Verb Tense + Modal + Progressive +Verb Tense + Perfect +Progressive + Verb Tense + Modal + Perfect +Progressive +Verb • Most English verbs are regular verbs • The main verb marks TENSE, MOOD, and ASPECT Agreement • Traditional grammatical analysis has also given us a number of other categories, including ‘number’, ‘person’, ‘voice’ and ‘gender’. These categories can be discussed in isolation, but their role in describing language structure becomes clearer when we consider them in terms of agreement. • For example, we say that the verb loves ‘agrees with’ the noun Cathy in the sentence Cathy loves her dog. Continued… • This agreement is partially based on the category of number, that is, whether the noun is singular or plural. It is also based on the category of person, which covers the distinctions of first person, second person and third person (involving any others). The different forms of English pronouns can be described in terms of person and number. Continued….. • The sentence is also in the active voice. An alternative would be the passive voice. • Our final category is gender. • In English, we have to describe this relationship in terms of natural gender, mainly derived from a biological distinction between male and female. Traditional analysis • In traditional grammar books, tables such as the following were often presented for English verbs, constructed by analogy with similar tables of forms in Latin grammars. The forms for the Latin verb amare (‘to love’) are listed on the right. Analysis • • • • • • First person singular (I) love amo Second person singular (you) love amas Third person singular (she) loves amat First person plural (we) love amamus Second person plural (you) love amatis Third person plural (they) love amant • Do you consider the categories person and number useful in describing English verb forms? • What about Arabic?