Download دارای دو ویژگی زیر می باشند

‫انواع انگیزش‬
‫دکترسیدحسین میرزایی‬
‫دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد بجنورد‬
‫پاییز و زمستان ‪94‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Dr mirzaei‬‬
Motivation
•The factors that direct and
energize the behavior of
humans and other organisms
(‫انواع انگیزه ) فطری و اکتسابی‬
‫• انگیزه های فطری (اولیه) گرسنگی – تشنگی – جنسی‬
‫ قدرت‬-‫• انگیزه های اکتسابی ( ثانویه) پیشرفت – پیوند جویی‬
‫• انگیزه های بیرونی و درونی‬
•
Drive
•
•
Primary drive
•
•
Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need
Basic drives related to biological needs of the body or the species as a whole
Secondary drives
•
Needs are brought about by prior experience and learning
‫انگیزه های ابتدایی‬
‫دارای دو ویژگی زیر می باشند ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬نخست اینکه غیر اکتسابی هستند برای حفظ‬
‫حیات و بر قراری تعادل حیاتی‬
‫‪ -2‬اساس و پایه فیزیولوژیکی دارند ‪ ،‬مثل‬
‫گرسنگی ‪ ،‬تشنگی ‪ ،‬خواب ‪ ،‬عالقه مادری‬
Primary Drives
A state of tension or arousal arising from a biological need; one
not based on learning
Oxygen -Thirst -Hunger-Sleep -Sex-Comfort -Clothing -Sleep Maternal concern
Drive Reduction Approaches
• Homeostasis
• A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary drives
and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal
state
‫انگیزه گرسنگی‬
‫دو تا نظریه‬
‫نظریه توازن قند ‪ :‬ما نیاز به حفظ سطح گلوکز داریم‪ ،‬افت این سطح تحریک به خوردن‬
‫می شویم طبق این نظریه ‪ ،‬سطح قند خون برای گرسنگی اهمیت دارد‬
‫نظریه توازن چربی‪:‬‬
Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
• Hypothalamus
• Weight set point
• The particular level of weight that the body strives to
maintain
• Metabolism
• The rate at which food is converted to energy and
expended by the body as destined through heredity
The Hypothalamus
Psychological Influences
• The level of sugar in the blood and
the hypothalamus are key
influences on feelings of hunger.
•
In human beings, psychological as
well as biological factors affect
feelings of hunger.
• The hypothalamus is a part of the
brain that regulates body
temperature and various aspects of
psychological motivation and
emotion.
•
Learning that certain amounts of
food or drink will produce a feeling
of well-being and relaxation can
cause people to eat and drink
when they feel upset.
• Different parts of the hypothalamus
control the urge to begin eating and
to stop eating.
The Hunger Drive
Biological needs are based mainly on body tissue needs,
such as the needs for food, water, air, temperature
regulation, and pain avoidance. They can be complex
because they also involve psychological factors.
The Role of the Mouth
The Role of the Stomach
• The acts of chewing and
swallowing provide certain
sensations that help satisfy the
hunger drive.
• It was once believed that
hunger pangs were the cause of
hunger.
• The hunger drive is usually fully
satisfied when the body digests
food.
• Now researchers know that
hunger pangs play a role in
hunger but are not the main
factor in signaling hunger.
Social Factors in Eating
• External social factors, based on societal rules and
conventions and on what we have learned about
appropriate eating behavior
• Associations of food with comfort and consolation via
classical and operant conditioning
• Escape from unpleasant thoughts
• Settling point
• Determined by a combination of our genetic
heritage and the nature of the environment in which
we live
Factors Contributing to Being Overweight
•
Highly palatable food—we eat because it tastes so good
•
Supersize It—food portions are larger than necessary for health
•
Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more variety lead us to eat more
•
Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at dinner
•
BMR—changes through the lifespan
•
Sedentary lifestyles
Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa—characterized by excessive weight loss,
irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image
• Bulimia nervosa—characterized by binges of extreme overeating
followed by self-induced purging such as vomiting, laxatives
• Binge-eating—disorder characterized by recurring episodes of
binge eating without purging
Anorexia Nervosa
•
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body
weight.
•
See themselves as fat.
•
Vast majority are woman.
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
•
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of
food) and purging (getting rid of the food).
Obesity
•
Body weight that is more than 20% above the
average weight for a person of a given height
•
Severely overweight to the point where it causes
health issues.
•
Mostly eating habits but some people are
predisposed towards obesity.
Sexual Motivation
•
Sex is natural.
•
Without sex, none of us would be here.
•
How do scientists (or you) find out about
sex?
YOU ASK!!!!!!
Determination of Sexual Orientation
•
Genetics—role suggested by twin and family studies
•
Brain structure—differences found in hypothalamus of homosexual and heterosexual
men
•
Hormonal – androgenized females
•
Complex issue with no clear answers
Sexual Motivation: The Facts of Life

Androgens
– Male sex hormones secreted by the testes

Estrogen
– Female sex hormone

Progesterone
– Female sex hormone

Ovulation
– Greatest output of female sex hormone when
egg is released from the ovaries
Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement

Erogenous zones
– Areas of the body that have an unusually rich array of nerve receptors
that are particularly sensitive not just to sexual touch, but to any kind of
touch

Erotic
– External stimuli which, through a process of learning, have become
sexually stimulating
Surveying Sexual Behavior

Masturbation
– Sexual self-stimulation

Heterosexuality
– Sexual attraction and behavior directed towards the opposite sex

Premarital sex
– Double standard
– Permissiveness with affection

Marital sex
– Extramarital sex

Homosexuals
– Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex

Bisexuals
– Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same and opposite sex
Sexuality in Adulthood
•
Majority of adults (80%) report having none or one sexual partner in the past year
(marriage factor)
•
Majority of men ages 18-59 have sex about seven times per month
•
Majority of women ages 18-59 have sex about six times per month
•
Vaginal intercourse is nearly universal as the most widely practiced sexual activity
among heterosexual couples
•
50 percent of older Americans reported sexual activity at least once per month.
Sexual Disorders and Problems
•
Sexual dysfunction—consistent disturbance in sexual desire, arousal, or
orgasm that causes psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties
•
43% of women and 31% of men report sexual problems
•
Low desire and arousal problems common among women
•
Premature ejaculation and erectile problems common among men
How is Sexual Orientation
Determined
•
There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially
determined.
•
Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that
if they were raised by hetero parents.
•
This it is likely biologically determined.