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Name:__________________________________________________Period:_________ A.P. PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW PACKET History and Perspectives: 1. List each of the perspectives of psychology and describe the focus. Perspective Focus 2. Early Greeks, and later, philosophers contemplated many psychological issues. As a result many theories about the connection of mind and body. Please describe the ideas of each of the following: Philosopher Idea about mind and body Socrates Plato Aristotle The Hebrews Augustine Descartes 3. Which two philosophers believed that the “mind is a blank slate?” 4. Name two philosophers that felt that ideas were inborn. 5. What is the concept of Structuralism? 6. How would someone who was a functionalist view the mind? 7. Define Psychology. 1 8. What are the differences between: a. Basic research b. Applied research 9. What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist? 10. Psychology has several focuses, aside form the traditional clinical/counseling. Name the other areas that a psychologist might study. Subfield Focus 11. What contribution did Charles Darwin make to psychology? 12. After the psychologist, list his or her contribution to the discipline of Psychology. Psychologist Major contributions Wilhelm Wundt Edward Titchner Francis Galton Willliam James G. Stanley Hall Hermann Ebbinghaus 2 Margaret Floy Washburn Edward Thorndike John B. Watson Mary Cover Jones Max Wertheimer B.F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell Hans Eysenck (also worked with Sybil Ensenck) Carl Rogers 3 Abraham Maslow Erik Erickson Jean Piaget Albert Bandura Julian Rotter Elizabeth Loftus Phillip Zimbardo Rollo May James Olds Harry Harlow Hans Selye Carl Lange William Cannon/Phillip Bard Stanley Schachter/Jerome Singer Stanley Milgram Soloman Asch Elliot Aronson 4 Albert Binet Robert Sternberg Lewis Termann Louis Thurstone Howard Gardner David Wechsler Robert Sperry John Garcia (did research with Robert Koelling-discuss research plus Garcia’s recognition) Daniel Kahneman Research and Statistics: 13. Give an example of hind-sight bias, sometimes called the “I knew it all along phenomenom.” 14. Explain overconfidence and give an example. 15. What is the difference between these: a. Theory b. Hypothesis 16. What is the difference between: a. reliability b. validity 5 17. On the table, list the types of research methods psychologists use and the strengths and weaknesses of each. Method Strengths Weakness 18. Dr Woodbury, a noted psychological researcher, wants to do an experiment to determine if eating pizza before a test causes a decrease in test scores. In the space below, set up the experiment. Prior to listing the role of each term in the research, be sure to define the term. After the definition, give the example of application. Population: Random Sample: Control Group: Experimental Group: Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: 19. Give and example of false consensus effect. How can this phenomena be applied when considering research, and how does it apply to sampling? 20. Correlation does not prove ___________________________. 6 21. In the space below, create three scatterplots. One should show a positive correlation, one a negative correlation and one an inverse correlation. Label each and include the mathematical indicator that applies to each. 22. What is an illusory correlation? 23. Name and define the three measures of central tendency? 1. 2. 3 24. Name and define the two measures of variation? 1. 2. 25. Explain statistical significance (Significance level can also be applied to this term). 26. Describe a normal bell curve. (Hint: The Empirical Rule is applied here). 27. What is a skewed distribution? Describe both a negative and positive skew. The Brain and Nervous System: 28. Name the primary function of each of the following parts of the brain: Area of the Brain Primary Function Medulla Reticular Formation Brain Stem Pons Cerebellum Amygdala 7 Hippocampus Hypothalamus Thalamus Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Corpus Collosum Brocha’s Area Wernicke’s Area 29. Discuss the functions of the various neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter Function Symptoms of Excess Symptoms of undersupply Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA 8 Glutamate 30. Draw a diagram of the divisions of the Nervous System in the space below 31. Draw a neuron. Label each part and describe the function of each. 32. Define an action potential. Describe the process that occurs. 33. Name four types of scans that can be used to examine and study the brain, as well as diagnose problems. Give the full name, the abbreviation for each and describe how the scan works and what it shows. Name of Scan Abbreviation Description 34. What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? Give examples of each. 35. What is the reason that a person would have split-brain surgery? What are typical outcomes from such an operation? 36. What are association areas in the brain? 37. Explain the difference between sensory neuron, interneurons and motor neurons. 9 38. What is the function of the pituitary gland? 39. What are the effects of hormones on the brain? 40. What are the three main structures that comprise the Limbic System? 41. What is brain plasticity? 42. Describe aphasia. 43. Discuss the research on left handedness. How is the handedness of a person determined? 44. Discuss the effect of insulin and glycogen on the body. How can these either an excess or deficiency of one of these two substances affect behavior? Nature and Nurture: The Genetic Basis of Behavior 45. What is the difference between chromosomes and genes? 46. What is the human genome? 47. How can mutations affect behavior? 48. What is the difference between the way the identical and fraternal twins are formed? What are the differences in their prenatal environment? 49. There has been much research into identical twins. What have researchers learned from studying identical twins who have been raised apart. How do these findings affect the nature/nurture debate? 50. Is an adopted child more likely to be like his or her birth parents or adoptive parents? 10 51. Discuss temperament (define and describe) and the various idea about temperament being genetic, or taught. 52. What is heritability? 53. Briefly summarize each of the following and the influence of each on behavior and development. Concept Definition Influences Prenatal Environment Parenting Peer Influence Culture Gender 54. How does social-learning theory explain gender-linked behaviors? 55. How does gender-schema theory explain concepts of gender role and identity? Sensation and Perception 56. What is the difference between sensation and perception? 57. Explain bottom-up processing and give and example. 58. Explain top-down processing and give an example. 59. What is absolute threshold? 11 60. Explain signal detection theory. 61. Do subliminal messages actually have an impact? 62. What is Weber’s Law? Be sure to include an explanation of just noticeable difference in your answer. 63. Explain sensory adaptation and give an example. 64. What is selective attention? How does it relate to the “Cocktail Party Effect?” 65. Explain change-blindness. 66. What is transduction? 67. What is the difference between hue and intensity? 68. Explain how each of the following relate to vision. Term How does this affect vision? Iris Pupil Lens Rods Cones Retina Acuity Optic Nerve Fovea 12 Blind Spot 69. What is the difference between near-sightedness and far-sightedness? 70. What are feature detector neurons? 71. Explain parallel processing. 72. What is the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory? 73. What is Opponent-Process Theory and how does it relate to afterimage and the After Image Effect? 74. Explain color constancy and give and example. 75. Explain how each of the following influence hearing. Structure or concept Influence on Hearing Audition Frequency Pitch Middle Ear Inner Ear Cochlea Basilar Membrane 76. Explain Place Theory. 77. Explain Frequency Theory. 13 78. What is the difference between a conductive hearing loss, and a senorineural hearing loss.? 79. Discuss how we locate sound. 80. Name the four components that comprise the sense of touch. 81. What is the gate-control theory? 82. Describe phantom-limb sensation. 83. Name the four basic sensations that make up taste. 84. What is sensory interaction? How is the concept applied in relationship to taste and smell? 85. What are olfactory receptors? 86. What is the difference between kinesthesis and vestibular sense? 87. Explain visual capture. 88. What illusion occurs when looking at a Necker Cube? 89. How does the concept of Gestalt explain how perception is organized? 90. Explain each of the following perceptual concepts. If appropriate indicate M for monocular cue or a B for Binocular cue in the appropriate column. Concept Monular/ Description Binocular Figure-Ground Proximity Similarity Continuity Connectedness 14 Depth Perception Visual Cliff Retinal Disparity Convergence Relative Size Interposition Relative Clarity Texture Gradient Relative Height Relative Motion Linear Perspective Light and Shadow 91. What is the Phi-Phenomenon? 92. Explain Perceptual constancy. 93. How does the concept of size-distance relationship apply in the Muller-Lyer Illusion? Be sure to explain the illusion. 94. Explain the concept of Light/Brightness Constancy. 15 95. What did the Cooper-Blakemore study teach researchers about sensory deprivation? 96. Explain Perceptual adaptation. 97. How does perceptual set influence what we see? 98. How does the relationship of schema and concept affect what we see? 99. What is a Parapsychologist? 100. Discuss some of the findings of ESP research. States of Consciousness 101. Define consciousness. 102. Discuss how each of the following biological rhythms relate to human behavior. Annual Cycles: Twenty-eight day cycles: Twenty-four hour cycles: Ninety minute cycles: 103. What is a circadian rhythm? 104. What are the stages of sleep? Fill in the following chart with the requested information. Stage Type of Wave Characteristics of this stage Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 REM 105. Describe a sleep cycle. Include each stage that occurs and the overall length of the cycle. 16 106. What are hallucinations? How do they relate to sleep? 107. What are the effects of sleep deprivation? 108. Fill in the chart below by discussing each of the following sleep disorders or disturbances. Disorder/Disturbance Characteristics Treatment or how to deal with Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Night Terrors Nightmares 109. What is the difference between manifest and latent content of dreams. 110. Outline various theories on why we dream discussed in your book. 111. What is hypnosis? 112. Define posthypnotic amnesia. 113. Why can’t hypnosis help a person remember everything that has ever happened to him or her? 114. Can a person under hypnosis be forced to do something against their will? Explain. 115. How is hypnosis useful as therapeutic tool? 17 116. What is a posthypnotic suggestion? 117. Discuss the research of Ernest Hilgard and the concept of divided consciousness. 118. What is the hidden-observer? 119. What is Drug Tolerance 120. Summarize the misconceptions about addiction discussed on page 289 of your text. 1. 2. 3. 121. Fill in the following information on types of drugs. Use the book and the handouts from class to get your information. Drug Class and type Physical process Effect (what it does) Depressants Alcohol Barbituates (Tranquilizers) Opiates (Morphine and Heroin) Stimulants Amphetamines Cocaine Ecstasy (MDMA) (also classed as a hallucinogen) Hallucinogens LSD 18 Marijuana 122. Near death experiences have raised issues about dualism and monism. Discuss this phenomenon being sure to define all terms. 123. Summarize influences on drug use Trends in Drug use: Biological Influences: Psychological and Cultural Influences: Motivation and Emotion 124. Discuss each of the following: Term Definition Physical and/or psychological implications and examples Motivation Instinct Drivereduction theory Homeostasis Incentive 125. Diagram Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. 19 126. Food is motivator. Summarize how we feel hungry. Include any parts of the brain that are involved. 127. Fill in the following table defining each term and it’s function Term Definition Function Glucose Insulin Leptin Orexin Ghrelin PYY 128. Define both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and discuss the differences between each. Include as well the adverse affect on the body. 129. Your book suggests three ways that sexual orientation might be influenced. Summarize each theory. A. The brain and sexual orientation: B. Genes and sexual orientation: C. Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation: 130. Describe Industrial/Organizational Psychology. What are the two subfields and the definition of each? 131. What is interviewer illusion? 132. What is a structured interview? 133. What is achievement motivation? 20 134. Define and discuss each of the following leadership styles and theories. Give an example of each: Task Leadership: Social Leadership: Theory X: Theory Y: 135. Discuss the following, being sure to specify how emotion is felt as described by each theory: Theory Theorists who developed How emotion occurs Jame-Lange Cannon-Bard Schacter Two-Factor 136. How is the brain involved with the experience of emotion. Discuss structures involved your discussion. 137. How does culture influence expression of emotion? 138. Discuss universal facial expressions and how they communicate emotion. 138. Summarize your book’s discussion of each of the following emotions. Fear: Anger: Happiness 21 139. What is the Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon? 139. Define both catharsis and subjective well-being. 140. What is the adaptation level phenomenon? 141. Define and given an example of relative deprivation. Thinking and Language 142. Define each of the following: Term Definition Concept Prototype Cognition Algorithm Heuristic Insight Fixation Mental set Functional fixedness 143. What is confirmation bias. Give an example. 144. What is the difference between availability heuristic and representative heuristic? 22 145. How do heuristics influence thinking? 146. What is overconfidence? What is its adaptive value? 147. What is framing? How does it potentially influence decision and judgment? 148. Define and discuss belief bias and belief perseverance. How do they affect our risk for error? 149. What is artificial intelligence? 150. What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes? 151. List the five stages of language development, age they occur, and briefly describe each. Stage Age Description 151. Define and discuss the differences between grammar, semantics, and syntax. 152. Who is Noam Chomsky? What significance does he have to language. Briefly discuss his findings. 153. Summarize the discussion about thought and language. 154. Summarize the discussion about animal thinking and language Stress and Health 155. On orders from the cerebral cortex, by way of the hypothalamus and pituitary, what chemical does the adrenal gland secrete? 156. What are the functions of adrenaline and norepinephrine? 23 157. What is the role of each the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in response to stress? (Discuss flight or fight) 158. Hans Selye discovered the body has an adaptive response to stress that he labeled GAS. What does that stand for, and what occurs in each stage of GAS? 159. What are the three major types of stressors identified by researchers? 160. How is perceived control related to stress? 161. What are the effects of optimism and pessimism on stress and health? 162. What are Type A and Type B personalities? List characteristics of each. 163. Discuss stress and susceptibility to disease, including effects on the immune system, AIDS, and cancer. 164. How have researchers conditioned the immune system? 165. What is biofeedback? What is the implication for its use in managing stress? 166. What are the effects of religion on health according to the text? 167. How effective are smoking cessation programs? 168. Discuss how each of the following have a role in controlling obesity Concept Role in controlling obesity Nutrition Set-Point 24 Metabolism Genetic Factors 169. List at least five ways your text recommends for losing weight. Learning and Memory 170. What is learning? 171. What is conditioning? 172. What are the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? 173. Name the researcher who is credited for pioneering work in classical conditioning and summarize his work. (Hint….he went to the dogs.) 174. Draw a chart or diagram that would show the steps in classical conditioning. Be sure to label each step. 175. Define the following three concepts, and give an example that incorporates all three: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery. 176. What is the difference between discrimination and generalization? 177. John B. Watson believed behavior was a “bundle of conditioned response.” Discuss the Little Albert experiment, and how it demonstrated classical conditioning. 178. What field of learning is associated with the name B.F. Skinner? 179. What is an operant chamber? 25 180. How does operant conditioning relate to Thorndike’s Law of Effect? 181. What does it mean to shape behavior? 182. Describe each of the following reinforcers and reinforcement schedules. Type Definition and why/when to use this type (as applicable) and example Primary reinforcer Secondary or conditioned reinforcer Continuous reinforcer Intermediate reinforcer Fixed-ratio schedule Fixed-interval schedule Variable-ratio schedule Variable-interval schedule Punishment 183. What is latent learning? 184. Define extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, as well as the overjustification effect. How are these concepts related? 185. What theorist is associated with observational learning? Be sure to define modeling and include it in your discussion. 26 186. What are the effects of television and other media on observational learning? 187. Name and define the three major steps of information processing. 188. What is a flashbulb memory? 189. Define and apply the following concepts Concept Definition and application Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-term Memory Automatic Processing Effortful Processing Spacing Effect Visual encoding Acoustic Encoding Semantic encoding/meaning Declarative/explicit memory Procedural/implicit memory 190. What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory? Define mnemonic and give an example of one to remember the difference between these two concepts. 27 191. What is chunking? Give an example. 192. What is the role of the hippocampus in memory? 193. What is long-term potentiation? 194. In relation to retrieval, what is priming? 195. How does context affect our ability to retrieve information? Include a discussion of mood-congruent memory. 196. Myers refers to the three “sins” of forgetting, of distortion and one of intrusion. Identify them below “The Sin” Description 197. What is failure to encode? 198. Define storage decay and give an example 199. Discuss the difference between proactive and retroactive interference? 200. What is the misinformation effect? 201. Discuss Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory. 28 202. What was Sigmund Freud’s belief on “forgetting” painful experiences? What is the controversy about repressed v. constructed memory? 203. What is source amnesia, (sometimes called source misattribution)? 204. What is the “forgetting curve?” Who did the research the identified this idea? Intelligence 205. Define intelligence. 206. What is meant by the factor-analysis approach to measuring intelligence? 207. What was Spearman’s idea about intelligence? 208. Howard Gardner is credited for a concept called multiple intelligence? Discuss the ideas that surround this concept. 209. What is the savant syndrome? 210. Robert Sternberg identified three types of intelligence. List each and define it. 211. What is emotional intelligence? Summarize the discussion of it in the text. 212. How are creativity and intelligence related? 213. Outline the contributions of Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman to understanding intelligence. 214. What does IQ stand for? Give the formula for determining a person’s IQ. 215. What is the difference between and aptitude test and an achievement test. 216. How is the concept of standardization related to testing? 29 217. What is the difference between reliability and validity in testing? Why are these considered when creating a test? 218. How stable is intelligence over the life span? 219. What have researchers learned about intelligence from studying twins? 220. What is heritability applied to the understanding of intelligence? 221. How does life experience (early intervention, etc.) affect intelligence? Summarize some of the research. 222. What does research find about the ethnic similarities and differences on intelligence tests? 223. What are the effects of gender on intelligence? 224. What is the stereotype threat? Development 225. Define the following as well as briefly discuss role in development as applicable. Term Definition/Application Zygote Embryo Fetus Teratogen 30 Rooting Reflex Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Maturation Schemas Assimilation Accommodation Object Permanence Theory of Mind Egocentrism Autism Stranger-Anxiety Attachment Critical Period Imprinting 226. List and describe the stages of Piaget’s theory of development, the age that it occurs, and the major accomplishments of each stage. Stage Age Description and achievements 31 227. Describe Harlow’s Monkey Study and what was learned from it. 228. How do disruptions and day-care affect attachment? 229. Summarize the three types of play as discussed on the Development Handout. Stage Age Description 230. Describe the three child-rearing practices which have been most heavily researched, and typical implications of each. Practice Description/implications/outcomes 231. Who was one of the first researchers to discuss adolescence? How did he describe the period? 232. What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? 233. Summarize the author’s discussion of cognitive development in adolescence. 32 234. What were Kohlberg’s ideas about moral development? After your answer, summarize his stage theory using the table that follows. Kohlberg Continued: Stage Age Description of stage 235. Outline Erickson’s Theory in the table below Stage Age Description 33 236. How does menopause affect behavior? 237. What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer’s disease? 238. How are memory and intelligence affected as people age? What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? 240. Summarize the roles of adulthood. 241. What is the issue of stability v. change? 34