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Studying Life • After the lesson we will be able to identify the major branches of biology and identify some of the basic tools that biologists use to study biological organisms. Studying Life • Biology is the study of life! – Sub specialties could include botany, paleontology, marine biology, …All are biologists • Sub-Specialties – – – – – – Cell biologist Molecular biologist Conservation biologist Bioinformatics microbiologist Biochemists… • Each system is part of a larger system. Systems – Atoms make up Molecules – Molecules make up Cells (basic unit of life) Approach to – Cells make up Tissues (a group of cells serving a particular purpose) Biology – Tissues make up organs (group of organs working together) – Organs make up the organism (multi-cellular) – A group of similar organisms make up a population (of the same species… can reproduce) – Groups of populations make up a community (interacting or affecting each other) – The community and its non-living surrounding make up the ecosystem – All living things on the Earth form the biosphere Properties of Living Organisms – All living things MUST be able to reproduce and produce (convert) energy! • They all share these other 3 characteristics to varying degrees – Cell is the basic unit of life – Genetic code is conserved (same) between species – Respond to environment » Maintain homeostasis or maintain a stable internal environment » Exhibit Evolution or change over time • Microscopes… study objects too small to be seen with the “naked” eye – Light Microscope… uses lenses and light (photons) to view object • Can see objects as small as bacteria Studying Biology – Electron Microscope… coats object with a reflective (metallic) surface to bounce electrons off of it producing a 3D image • Can see cell surfaces and organelles • Resolving power 0.2mm (organelles, viruses,…) – SEM (scanning electron microscope) allows the scientist see 3D structures – TEM (transmission) allows the scientist to see internal structures – Cell culture… creating a cell line from an individual cell for study • Used in biotechnology for the development and testing of biologics – Cell fractionation… splitting cells to study the contents • Cell digestion using enzymes • Broken cells are spun in a centrifuge to separate parts based on mass • Used in biotechnology in the purification and validation process Studying Biology