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B2 Organisms grouped by shared characteristics. - Continuous spectrum which makes it difficult to place in distinct groups - Natural – evolutionary - Artificial - purposeful Five Kingdoms: • Protoctists • Prokaryotes • Fungi • Plants • Animals Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species DNA sequencing is used for classification Arthropods: • Insects • Arachnids • Crustaceans • Myriapods Species – a group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring Problems classifying species: • Hybrids • Organisms • Evolution as a continuing Classification process Evolutionary Tree Binomial System: international basis for naming species Closely Related Species: • Share a relatively close ancestor • Different features in different habitats Evolutionary Relationship – common ancestor Ecological Relationship – organisms in an ecosystem Trophic Level: position the organism has in a food chain Pyramid of Biomass: dry mass of living material at each stage of a food chain Pyramid of Numbers: population of each group Energy Flow Energy Transfer: • Heat from respiration • Excretion • Egestion Difficulties constructing pyramids: • Organisms in more than one trophic level • Difficulties measuring dry biomass Efficiency of energy transfer explains: • the shape of pyramid of biomass • the limited length of food chains Calculate efficiency of energy transfer Excretory products, faeces and uneaten parts can be used as the starting point for other food chains. When animals and plants die and decay the elements are recycled. Decomposers: soil bacteria and fungi, decay dead organisms Decay is important for making elements available to other living organisms. Recycling Required Elements for Decay: • Carbon • nitrogen Carbon is taken up by plants as CO2 Recycling of nutrients takes longer in waterlogged or acidic soils than it does in well drained neutral soils. Recycling CARBON in nature: • Plants – photosynthesis • Feeding – carbon • Respiration • Burning fossil fuels • Decomposers • Marine organisms – shells • Shells – limestone • Volcanic eruption/weathering • Oceans absorbing carbon Recycling NITROGEN in nature: • Plants – nitrates for growth • Feeding • Nitrogen compounds in dead animals • Decomposers – ammonia • Ammonia nitrates by nitrifying bacteria • Fixing of nitrogen gas - lightning Competition will influence: • Distribution • Population Related to availability of: • Food • Water • Shelter • Light Size of predator population will affect the numbers of prey. Interspecific: different species, same resources Intraspecific: same species, limited resources Ecological Niche: place occupied by an organism • Similar organisms will occupy similar niches Interdependence determines: • Distribution • Abundance Interdependence Organisms benefit from the presence of different species. Parasitism: parasite benefits to living host’s detriment (fleas) Mutualism: both species benefit (cleaner species, nitrogen fixing bacteria) Animals and plants are affected by competition for resources. Analyse population sizes and distribution data Successful predators: • Binocular vision • Hunting strategy • Breeding strategy Surface Area to Volume ratio – analyse Biochemically Adapted: optimum temperature for enzymes Specialists: well suited for certain habitats To Avoid Being Prey: Generalists: live in a range of habitats, easily out competed • Eyes on side of head • Living in groups • Camouflage Adaptations • Mimicry • Breeding strategy (synchronised) Cold Environments: Counter-Current Heat System: warm blood • Insulation/surface area to reduce heat loss entering body flows past cold blood returning • Migration/hibernation to the rest of the body (Penguins flippers) Hot Environments: • Increase heat loss • Reduce heat gain Dry Environments: • Coping for lack of water Animals are more likely to survive when adapted to their environment Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: • Presences of natural variation • Competition for limited resources • Survival of the fittest • Inheritance of ‘successful’ adaptations When environments change, some animal and plant species survive or evolve, but many become extinct Natural Selection Adaptations are controlled by genes which are passed on Acceptance of Natural Selection: • Explains a wide range of observations • Been discussed and tested by a wide range of scientists Lamarak’s Evolution: inheritance of acquired characteristics Lamarack’s Theory Discredited: • Explanation did not have genetic basis Over long periods of time adaptations can lead to formation of new species Speciation requires: • Geographical isolation • Reproductive isolation Finite Resources: • Fossil fuels • Minerals Population growth is the result of birth rate > death rate Birth rate: number of babies born in a year Human population increase = Death rate: number of deaths in a year resource usage increase Pollution increase: Carbon Footprint: amount of • Household waste greenhouse gases given off in a • Sewage certain period of time • Sulfur dioxide Population and Pollution • Carbon dioxide Developed countries with small population have the greatest impact on the use of resources and creation of pollution Global warming: CO2 from burning fuels Ozone depletion: CFCs breaking down UV light Acid Rain: sulfur dioxide Measuring Pollution: • Direct measurement of pollutant levels • Measuring the occurrence of indicator species Indicator Species and Pollution: • Water pollution – waterlouse sludgeworm, rat-tailed maggot and mayfly lava • Air pollution - lichen Becoming Endangered or Extinct: • Climate change • Habitat destruction • Hunting • Pollution • Competition Conserving Endangered Species: • Protecting habitats • Legal protection • Education programmes • Captive breeding programmes • Seed banks • Creating artificial ecosystems Commercial Value of Whales: • Tourism (alive) • Food • Oil • Cosmetics (dead) Whaling: • Getting international agreement • Policing • Enforcing agreements • Hunting for research Sustainability Captivity: • Entertainment • Research • Captive breeding • Lack of freedom Whale Biology Still Not Understood: • Communication • Migration patterns • Survival at extreme depths Sustainability Requires: • Planning • Cooperation at local, national and international levels Reasons for Conservation Programmes: • Protecting human food supply • Minimal food chain damage Evaluating Conservation Programmes: • Plant medical purposes • Genetic variation of key species • Cultural aspects • Viability of populations • Available habitats • Interaction between species 10 Minute Break! Organisms grouped by shared characteristics. - Natural – - Artificial - Five Kingdoms: • P • P • F • P • A K P C O F G S DNA sequencing is used for _________ Arthropods: • I • A • C • M Species – define Classification Problems classifying species: • H • O • E Binomial System: define Evolutionary Tree Closely Related Species: • 2 things Evolutionary Relationship – Ecological Relationship – Organisms grouped by shared characteristics. - Continuous spectrum which makes it difficult to place in distinct groups - Natural – evolutionary - Artificial - purposeful Five Kingdoms: • Protoctists • Prokaryotes • Fungi • Plants • Animals Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species DNA sequencing is used for classification Arthropods: • Insects • Arachnids • Crustaceans • Myriapods Species – a group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring Problems classifying species: • Hybrids • Organisms • Evolution as a continuing Classification process Evolutionary Tree Binomial System: international basis for naming species Closely Related Species: • Share a relatively close ancestor • Different features in different habitats Evolutionary Relationship – common ancestor Ecological Relationship – organisms in an ecosystem Trophic Level: define Pyramid of Numbers: define Pyramid of Biomass: define Energy Flow Energy Transfer: • H • E • E Difficulties constructing pyramids: • O • D Efficiency of energy transfer explains: • 2 things Calculate efficiency of energy transfer ____________________________________ __________ starting point for other food chains. Trophic Level: position the organism has in a food chain Pyramid of Biomass: dry mass of living material at each stage of a food chain Pyramid of Numbers: population of each group Energy Flow Energy Transfer: • Heat from respiration • Excretion • Egestion Difficulties constructing pyramids: • Organisms in more than one trophic level • Difficulties measuring dry biomass Efficiency of energy transfer explains: • the shape of pyramid of biomass • the limited length of food chains Calculate efficiency of energy transfer Excretory products, faeces and uneaten parts can be used as the starting point for other food chains. When animals and plants die and decay the elements are _____________. Decomposers: Decay is important for __________________________. Recycling Required Elements for Decay: • 2 elements Carbon is ______________________. Recycling of nutrients takes ________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________. Recycling CARBON in nature: • P • F • R • B • D • M • S • V • O Recycling NITROGEN in nature: • P • F • N • D • A • F When animals and plants die and decay the elements are recycled. Decomposers: soil bacteria and fungi, decay dead organisms Decay is important for making elements available to other living organisms. Recycling Required Elements for Decay: • Carbon • nitrogen Carbon is taken up by plants as CO2 Recycling of nutrients takes longer in waterlogged or acidic soils than it does in well drained neutral soils. Recycling CARBON in nature: • Plants – photosynthesis • Feeding – carbon • Respiration • Burning fossil fuels • Decomposers • Marine organisms – shells • Shells – limestone • Volcanic eruption/weathering • Oceans absorbing carbon Recycling NITROGEN in nature: • Plants – nitrates for growth • Feeding • Nitrogen compounds in dead animals • Decomposers – ammonia • Ammonia nitrates by nitrifying bacteria • Fixing of nitrogen gas - lightning Competition will influence: • D • P Related to availability of: • F • W • S • L __________ will affect the _____________. Interspecific: define Intraspecific: define Ecological Niche: define • Interdependence determines: • D • A Interdependence Organisms benefit ___________________________. Parasitism: who benefits? Mutualism: who benefits? Animals and plants are affected by ______________________________. Analyse _________________________. Competition will influence: • Distribution • Population Related to availability of: • Food • Water • Shelter • Light Size of predator population will affect the numbers of prey. Interspecific: different species, same resources Intraspecific: same species, limited resources Ecological Niche: place occupied by an organism • Similar organisms will occupy similar niches Interdependence determines: • Distribution • Abundance Interdependence Organisms benefit from the presence of different species. Parasitism: parasite benefits to living host’s detriment (fleas) Mutualism: both species benefit (cleaner species, nitrogen fixing bacteria) Animals and plants are affected by competition for resources. Analyse population sizes and distribution data Successful predators: • B • H • B _____________ ratio – analyse Biochemically Adapted: Specialists: To Avoid Being Prey: • E • L • C • M • B Cold Environments: • I • M Hot Environments: • I • R Dry Environments: • C Generalists: Adaptations Counter-Current Heat System: define Successful predators: • Binocular vision • Hunting strategy • Breeding strategy Surface Area to Volume ratio – analyse Biochemically Adapted: optimum temperature for enzymes Specialists: well suited for certain habitats To Avoid Being Prey: Generalists: live in a range of habitats, easily out competed • Eyes on side of head • Living in groups • Camouflage Adaptations • Mimicry • Breeding strategy (synchronised) Cold Environments: Counter-Current Heat System: warm blood • Insulation/surface area to reduce heat loss entering body flows past cold blood returning • Migration/hibernation to the rest of the body (Penguins flippers) Hot Environments: • Increase heat loss • Reduce heat gain Dry Environments: • Coping for lack of water Animals are more likely to survive ____________________________. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: • P • C • S • I When environments change, ________________________ ________________________ _______________________. Natural Selection Adaptations are ________________________. Acceptance of Natural Selection: • E • B Lamarak’s Evolution: what is it? Lamarack’s Theory Discredited: • Why? Over long periods of time ___________________________ __________________________. Speciation requires: • G • R Animals are more likely to survive when adapted to their environment Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: • Presences of natural variation • Competition for limited resources • Survival of the fittest • Inheritance of ‘successful’ adaptations When environments change, some animal and plant species survive or evolve, but many become extinct Natural Selection Adaptations are controlled by genes which are passed on Acceptance of Natural Selection: • Explains a wide range of observations • Been discussed and tested by a wide range of scientists Lamarak’s Evolution: inheritance of acquired characteristics Lamarack’s Theory Discredited: • Explanation did not have genetic basis Over long periods of time adaptations can lead to formation of new species Speciation requires: • Geographical isolation • Reproductive isolation Finite Resources: • F • M Population growth ________________________________ Birth rate: Human population increase = Death rate: resource usage increase Pollution increase: • H • S • S Population and • C Developed countries __________________________ __________________________ _________________________. Measuring Pollution: • D • M Carbon Footprint: Pollution Global warming: Ozone depletion: Acid Rain: Indicator Species and Pollution: • W • A Finite Resources: • Fossil fuels • Minerals Population growth is the result of birth rate > death rate Birth rate: number of babies born in a year Human population increase = Death rate: number of deaths in a year resource usage increase Pollution increase: Carbon Footprint: amount of • Household waste greenhouse gases given off in a • Sewage certain period of time • Sulfur dioxide Population and Pollution • Carbon dioxide Developed countries with small population have the greatest impact on the use of resources and creation of pollution Global warming: CO2 from burning fuels Ozone depletion: CFCs breaking down UV light Acid Rain: sulfur dioxide Measuring Pollution: • Direct measurement of pollutant levels • Measuring the occurrence of indicator species Indicator Species and Pollution: • Water pollution – waterlouse sludgeworm, rat-tailed maggot and mayfly lava • Air pollution - lichen Becoming Endangered or Extinct: • C • H • H • P • C Conserving Endangered Species: • P • L • E • C • S • C Commercial Value of Whales: • T • F • O • C Whaling: • G • P • E • H Sustainability Captivity: • E • R • C • L Whale Biology Still Not Understood: • C • M • S Sustainability Requires: • P • C Reasons for Conservation Programmes: • P • M Evaluating Conservation Programmes: • P • G • C • V • A • I Becoming Endangered or Extinct: • Climate change • Habitat destruction • Hunting • Pollution • Competition Conserving Endangered Species: • Protecting habitats • Legal protection • Education programmes • Captive breeding programmes • Seed banks • Creating artificial ecosystems Commercial Value of Whales: • Tourism (alive) • Food • Oil • Cosmetics (dead) Whaling: • Getting international agreement • Policing • Enforcing agreements • Hunting for research Sustainability Captivity: • Entertainment • Research • Captive breeding • Lack of freedom Whale Biology Still Not Understood: • Communication • Migration patterns • Survival at extreme depths Sustainability Requires: • Planning • Cooperation at local, national and international levels Reasons for Conservation Programmes: • Protecting human food supply • Minimal food chain damage Evaluating Conservation Programmes: • Plant medical purposes • Genetic variation of key species • Cultural aspects • Viability of populations • Available habitats • Interaction between species
