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OCR Biology Module B2 UNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT B2a Ecology in our School Grounds Collecting methods Sampling Identification keys Ecosystem Habitat Population Community Biodiversity Ecosystem – natural/artificial Undiscovered species pooter/nets/pit-fall trap/quadrat to estimate population/size; Limits on method – accuracy/unrepresentative use keys to identify plants and animals made up of habitat (non-living) and the community (all the organisms) living there place where an organism lives group of individuals of one species living in an area all the organisms that live in the same area and interact with one another the number of species of organism in a particular ecosystem (lake/fish farm) differences in biodiversity because of use of – weed killers/pesticides/fertilisers some ecosystems (ocean depths) are still unexplored, with possible undiscovered new species. B2b Grouping Organisms Plants – characteristics Animals Fungi Vertebrates/invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Problem classification Species definition Similar species Very different species Hybrid Binomial naming chloroplasts, ability to make own food, more spreading movement, cannot make own food, more compact for movement neither plant nor animal; so is another kingdom backbone or not wet scales, gills moist permeable skin dry scales feathers, beak fur, produce milk Euglena (animal and plant features). Archaeopteryx (bird and reptile features) organisms of the same species are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. may look similar when they live in similar types of habitats; share recent ancestors may look similar because of similar adaptations (dolphin/shark) two different (but close) species can breed to make a hybrid; hybrid offspring are infertile (a mule) each species has a two part (Latin) name B2c The Food Factory Photosynthesis Glucose Starch Cellulose Proteins Fats/oils Photosynthesis – increased by Limiting factors Plant respiration 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2 [needs light energy and chlorophyll) made in photosynthesis – transported as soluble sugars but stored as starch; converted to other substances used for storage because insoluble (compact/not draw in water) cell wall growth/repair storage more light/higher temperature/more CO2 explain graph – horizontal line = another factor is limiting the increase in photosynthesis respiration = all the time; gas exchange – day (CO2 in =photosyn. + resp.); night (CO2 out = just resp.) B2d Compete or Die Animal competition Plant competition Ecological niche Predator/prey Mutualism [win-win] Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Parasitism [win-lose] for limited resources – food/water/shelter/mates for limited resources – light/water/minerals role/type of organism in an ecosystem; close competitors fight for the same niche population numbers cycle in regular up and down patterns two different species in close relationship; both gain; Nitrogen-fixing bacteria/cleaner species in nodules of leguminous plants. Bacteria gains sugars. Plants gain nitrates. two different species in close relationship; parasite live on/in host; host suffers; fleas/tapeworms B2e Adapt to Fit Adaptations Predator Prey Polar Bear Camel Cactus Wind pollinated flower Insect pollinated flower B2f Survival of the Fittest Fossils give evidence Fossils’ position in rock layers Fossil formation Fossil record – incompleteness Environment change Natural selection Adaptations Examples Darwin’s’ theory Theories of evolution Lamarck’s theory of evolution special survival features better able to compete for limited resources eyes – front of head (judge size/distance); camouflage (not seen by prey); sharp teeth/claws; built for speed eyes – side of head (wide field of view); camouflage; live in groups (many eyes); built for speed thick white fur (camouflage and insulation); layer of fat – blubber (insulation); sharp claws and teeth; strong leg (running and swimming); large size/small ears (reduce surface area/reduce heat losses; large feet (spread load on snow); fur on soles of paws (insulation/grip) hump containing fat (doesn’t insulate whole body); tolerance to body temperature rises (doesn’t need to sweat); bushy eyelashes/hair-lined nostrils that can close (stop sand entering); large feet (spread load on sand) rounded shape (reduces surface area/volume ratio), thick cuticle leaves reduced to spines to reduce water loss spines (discourage animals); green stem (photosynthesis); water storage (withstand drought); long roots (water) feathery stigma; small light pollen colourful petals; nectar; ‘sticky’ pollen of past organisms; of changes; of extinctions show evolutionary changes over long periods of time; different interpretations hard body parts (shells, bones, leaves); covered in sediment, gradual replacement by minerals; casts/impressions; preservation in amber, peat bogs, tar pits, ice some body parts (soft tissue) decay so do not fossilise; fossilisation rarely occurred; fossils not yet discovered some animal and plant species survive or evolve but many become extinct animals and plants that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive; change over time are controlled by genes and these genes are passed onto the next generation occurrence of dark or pale forms of the peppered moth in areas with different levels of pollution; bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics; rats that are resistant to the rat poison warfarin presence of natural variation; competition for limited resources; ’survival of the fittest’; inheritance of ’successful’ adaptations; extinction of species unable to compete. met with an initially hostile response (social and historical context) by inheritance of acquired characteristics – different from Darwin’s theory and why it was discredited acquired characteristics do not have a genetic basis B2g Population out of Control? Human population Developed countries Finite resources Pollution Acid rain Global warming Ozone depletion Indicator species B2h Sustainability Extinct animals Endangered species Reasons for extinction/endangered Conservation programmes – methods Conservation programmes – reasons Whales commercial value Whales in captivity Whale biology Whaling – problems Sustainable development Fish stocks/woodland Sustainability increasing exponentially so a related increase in use of resources and production of pollution small proportion of the world’s population – greatest impact on the use of resources and production of pollution non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels/minerals household waste; sewage; SO2 (burning fossil fuels); CO2 (burning fossil fuels); CFCs from sulphur dioxide from increasing levels of carbon dioxide from CFCs in upper atmosphere whose presence/absence indicates the level of pollution; water pollution (blood worm, waterlouse, sludgeworm, rat-tailed maggot; air pollution (lichen) mammoth, dodo, sabre toothed tiger whales, panda, gorilla, red kite, red squirrel, osprey – in danger of becoming extinct climate change; habitat destruction; hunting; pollution; competition protecting habitats; legal protection; education programmes; captive breeding; creating artificial ecosystems protecting human food supply; ensuring minimal damage to food chains; future identification of plants for medical purposes; cultural aspects tourism when alive; food, oil and cosmetics when dead entertainment, research, captive breeding programmes and lack of freedom some aspects are still not fully understood: communication, migration patterns and survival at extreme depths getting international agreement, policing laws and culling for research the use of resources without depleting sustained and yet exploited by education; quotas on fishing; re-plantation of woodland requires planning and co-operation at local, national, and international levels