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Taylor /Washburne| World History | Chapter 17
MIDDLE AGES
MIDDLE AGES
War (100 Years;
Crusades)
 Plague—1/3 -1/2
Europe Killed
 Church unable to
prevent mass death


 Taught people: endure
suffering now for
eternal salvation later
Social Structure of
Feudalism: King-Serf
 Rise of Towns
~1000 & Universities
(~1200)
 Popes and Kings fight
for power
 Post-1200’s trade
slowly returns
WHY DID THE
RENAISSANCE . . .
GOOD STOPPING
PLACE FOR TRADING
SHIPS (BRINGS $ IN)
 CLASSICAL HERITAGE
ALL AROUND THEM
(RUINS, ART, ROADS)
 SCHOLARS, ARTISTS
MOVE HERE AFTER
CONSTANTINOPLE
FALLS (1453)

. . . BEGIN IN ITALY?


ITALIAN CITY-STATES
FULL OF WEALTHY,
EDUCATED PEOPLE
WILLING TO SUPPORT
ARTS & SCIENCE
ROME IS HOME OF
POWERFUL &
WEALTHY CATHOLIC
CHURCH = SUPPORTS
ARTS
FLORENCE is Wealthy, Educated, &
controlled by one family:
THE MEDICI:



GET $ FROM BANKING, LATER ADD
CHURCH AS “CLIENTS”
Become “BEHIND THE SCENES” rulers
Become HUGE patrons:
 Patron — a financial supporter of artists
#1: INDIVIDUALISM
•STRESSED IMPORTANCE OF BEING
UNIQUE INDIVIDUALS—UNLIKE “FITTING
INTO SOCIETY” LIKE IN MIDDLE AGES
•ENCOURAGED ITALIANS TO BE THEIR
BEST AND THINK OF THEMSELVES AS
BETTER THAN ANYONE ELSE
•PUSHED BEING PROUD AND BOASTFUL
OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS & QUALITIES
#2: HUMANISM
•STRESSED STUDY OF CLASSICAL GREEK
AND ROMAN TEXTS TO FIND OUT WHAT
THEY HAD TO SAY ABOUT MAN, NOT GOD
•IS THE BASIS OF AN EDUCATION IN “THE
HUMANITIES”: HISTORY, LITERATURE ,
PHILOSOPHY, ARTS
•REJECTED NON-CHRISTIAN VALUES, BUT
BECAME SECULAR AS TIME PASSED
#3: SECULARISM
•STRESSED IMPORTANCE OF “THIS
WORLD” NOT SPIRITUAL WORLD (THINK
“NON-RELIGIOUS”)
•HARD TO THINK OF SAVING ONE’S
SOUL WHEN TRYING TO MAKE A LOT OF
MONEY AND BRAGGING ABOUT ONE’S
SELF
SECULARISM, CONT.
•EVEN CHURCH OFFICIALS BECAME
WORLDLY: FINE FOOD, FINE DRESS,
BEAUTIFUL MANSIONS
•SOME MARRIED AND HAD ILLEGITIMATE
CHILDREN
•EVEN POPES BECAME WORLDLY
•WRITE IN VERNACULAR (COMMON
LANGUAGE OF PEOPLE, NOT LATIN)
•DEAL WITH SECULAR & HUMANISTIC
THEMES
•DANTE (DIVINE COMEDY) & BOCCACCIO
(DECAMERON) EXAMPLES
MACHIAVELLI
THE PRINCE (1513)
Advice Book for
Rulers:
•How to get power
How to keep power
•Concerned with
“how things are” not
“how they should be”
•“Better to be feared
than loved”
•“MACHIAVELLIAN”=
cunning, unscrupulous
•THE COURTIER: Guide Book on
how to be a Gentleman/REN. MAN
•Best at POETRY, best at DUELING,
best at DANCING, solve difficult
MATH problems, but do it as if it
was nothing
•A Renaissance Man is WELLROUNDED IN ALL FIELDS
Leonardo,
Renaissance Man
PainterMona Lisa
SculptorInventor—
helicopter,
submarine
Scientist-anatomy
1.
What are the three reasons why the
Renaissance began in Italy?
2.
What are secular values? Humanism?
3.
How did the methods and subjects in art
change? (What are perspective and realism?)
4.
What did Renaissance writers write about?
Vernacular?
The Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance
begin to spread to Northern Europe


Spirit of Renaissance Italy impresses visitors
from northern Europe (trade)
England and France unify under strong
MONARCHS (kings) who are art patrons
because it helps display their power and their
country’s power.
 NOTE: Hitler used art the same way in Nazi
Germany; he also read and followed Machiavelli’s
THE PRINCE; As did STALIN in RUSSIA

NORTHERN HUMANISM DIFFERENT:

UPSET THAT CHURCH FAILED TO MAKE
PEOPLE LIVE CHRISTIAN LIVES

GOAL WAS TO REFORM SOCIETY

EDUCATION= KEY TO REFORMING
SOCIETY W/ SCHOOLS FOR BOYS &
GIRLS



1509--PRAISE OF FOLLY:
POKED FUN AT SELF-IMPORTANT
PRIESTS & SCHOLARS, GREEDY
MERCHANTS
REFORM SOCIETY THROUGH:
 EDUCATION: BIBLE & CLASSICS
 “PHILOSOPHY OF CHRIST” = WHAT
WOULD JESUS DO? (PEOPLE NEED TO
LIVE LIFE LIKE THAT)
ERASMUS
RESPECTED
THROUGHOUT
EUROPE
WELL
EDUCATED
QUIET, BUT
INFLUENTIAL
& POWERFUL
THOMAS
MORE
UTOPIA, 1516:
•DESCRIBES A
PERFECT
SOCIETY:
•MAN IS GOOD,
SYSTEM IS BAD
•ALL SHARE
WEALTH
•SOCIAL
EQUALITY
•NO WAR, NO
GREED
Queen Elizabeth I
Renaissance spreads
to England in mid1500s
Period known as the
Elizabethan Age,
after Queen
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth reigns
from 1558 to 1603
Never married,
no children
William
Shakespeare
1564-1616
Shakespeare is
regarded as the
greatest playwright
Plays performed at
London’s Globe
Theater (Chicago
has EXACT model
UNDERSTOOOD
HUMAN NATURE
GOOD W/
ENGLISH
KNEW CLASSICS &
HISTORY
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
Improves the
Printing Process
Around 1440 Johann
Gutenberg of
Germany develops
printing press
Printing press allows
for quick, cheap book
production
First book printed
with movable type,
Gutenberg Bible
(1455)





Printing makes information widely
available
Illiterate people benefit by having books read
to them
Published accounts of maps and charts lead
to more discoveries
Published legal proceedings make rights
clearer to people
Political systems and religious practices are
questioned
Church Authority Challenged

INDIVIDUALISM, HUMANISM,
SECULARISM: Renaissance ideas challenge
Church authority
Printing press spreads secular ideas
Merchants resent paying church taxes (tithes)

Criticisms of the Catholic Church


 Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes
 Poorly educated priests
 Selling church offices,
The 95 Theses





Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s
selling of indulgences
Indulgence —releases a person from
penalty for sin (later includes promise of
release from hell)
In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses
Luther’s IDEAS spread through Germany
STARTS the Reformation — a movement
for religious reform in Catholic Church
LUTHER’S TEACHINGS



SALVATION THROUGH
FAITH ALONE!
HIGHEST AUTHORITY
IN CHRISTIANITY IS
BIBLE SO BELIEVERS
DON’T NEED PRIESTS
TO INTERPRET BIBLE
ALL CHRISTIANS ARE
EQUAL & ALL JOBS
HAVE WORTH
RESULTS



Pope Leo X
excommunicates Luther
Luther and followers
begin a separate religious
group — Lutherans
Some princes side with
Luther, become known as
Protestants
Luther’s
City
BIRTH OF
PRINTING
PRESS
Henry VIII Wants a
Son



Henry has only daughter,
needs male heir to rule
England
Henry wants a divorce;
Pope refuses to annul—
(set aside)—his first
marriage to Catherine
Also wants Church lands
and Church’s Power for
himself!
•BASICALLY IT IS “CATHOLIC W/O THE
POPE”
•KING BECOMES HEAD OF CHURCH
•KEEP ALL THE CATHOLIC
SACREMENTS
•FULL OF ART: STATUES, STAINED
GLASS, PAINTINGS, ETC.
John Calvin writes
Institutes of the
Christian Religion
(1536):
 Man is sinful by
nature and cannot
earn salvation
 God chooses who will
be saved —
predestination!!

Although pessimistic,
Calvin’s ideas VERY
POPULAR
 BEING RICH may be
a sign that God has
CHOSEN that person
for SALVATION
 Many historians
believe this is the
start of CAPITALISM






PURITANS AND
PILGRIMS were
influenced by Calvin
VERY STRICT
LIFESTYLE
NO ART IN
CHURCHES
BLACK CLOTHES
MODEST
BEHAVIOR
As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the
Catholic Church makes reforms
•COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563) GETS
RID OF MANY ABUSES (selling offices,
indulgences, poor priest education, etc)
•CREATE: JESUITS: SPIRITUAL
“SOLDIERS” AGAINST PROTESTANTS AND
ADVISORS TO KINGS
•OPENED SCHOOLS W/ HIGH STANDARDS




Church’s interpretation of Bible is final
Christians need FAITH and GOOD WORKS
for SALVATION
Bible and Church traditions equally
important
Start INQUISITION to seek out heresy
 mainly effective in Italy and Spain

Ban lots of books
Religious
and
Social
Political
• Catholic Church is unified; Protestant
denominations grow
• Catholics and Protestants create schools
throughout Europe
• Catholic Church’s power lessens, power
of monarchs and states grow
• Reformation’s questioning of
RELIGIOUS beliefs leads to questioning
OTHER things
• Late 18th century sees a new intellectual
movement—the Enlightenment

During the
Renaissance,
patrons of the
arts were people
who frequented
many art
festivals.

False: During
the Renaissance,
patrons of the
arts were people
who financially
supported the
artists.

The technique of
perspective was
used by
Renaissance
painters to show
three dimensions
on a flat surface.

True

The Renaissance, a
movement that
started in Germany
and lasted 300
years, brought
about a growth of
creativity in art,
writing, and
thought.

False: The
Renaissance, a
movement that
started in Italy and
lasted 300 years,
brought about a
growth of creativity
in art, writing, and
thought.

The general
emphasis of the
Renaissance
movement was
religious.

False: The general
attitude of the
Renaissance
movement was
secular, meaning
worldly (not
spiritual).

The Prince, by
Niccolò Machiavelli,
stated that people
are selfish and
corrupt, and that a
prince should be
feared more than
loved.

True

Some Renaissance
writers wrote in the
vernacular, or in the
author’s native
language.

True

An intellectual
movement called
humanism focused
on scientific
information about
the human body.

False: An
intellectual
movement called
humanism focused
on human potential
and achievements.

“Renaissance men”
were men who
mastered many
fields of endeavor.

True