Download Compendium 1-3

HEWLETT-PACKARD
Compendium 1-3
Human Structure and Function
Emily Moran
[Pick the date]
1. Anatomy and Physiology Overview 2. Function and Structure of Cells and Tissues, 3. Digestive System
Compendium One
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy- scientific discipline related to the structures in the body and how a parts structure relates to its
function. Eg: Bone cells surrounded by mineral substance, provides strength and support
- Developmental Anatomy- changes structurally between conception and adulthood
- Embryology- structural changes to embryo
- Cytology- examines structural features of cells
- Histology- examines tissues
- Gross Anatomy- study of structures without a microscope- systemic (systems) regional (whole areas,
such as the head including all of its systems)
- Surface Anatomy- Study of external form of the body in relation to deeper structures
Eg: Ribs can be felt through the skin
- Anatomical Imaging- technologies produce images of internal structures
- Anatomical Anomalies- Physical characteristics that differ from normal patterns
Physiology- scientific investigation of the processes and functions of living things. To understand and predict
the bodies responses to stimuli, and understand how it maintains constant conditions in a changing
environment.
- Cell Physiology- Processes occurring in cells
- Systemic Physiology- Functions of organ systems
Levels of Organisation
- Chemical level - Interactions between atoms, forms molecules of sugar, water, fats…
- Cells level - Cells are basic structure and functional unit. Molecules form organelles which form cells
- Tissue level- Tissue made of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. Tissues are 4 different
types, epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
- Organ level- An organ is made up of 2 or more tissue types, performing a common function
- Organ System level- A group of organs that together perform a common function, are viewed as a unit
- Organism level- An organism is any living thing considered a whole
11 Body Systems
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Hair, skin, nails, sweat glands
Bones, cartilage, ligaments,
joints
Muscles attached to the bones
by ligaments
Lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes
Endocrine
Lungs and respiratory
passages
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach,
intestines, and other organs
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
receptors
Glands
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Urinary
Kidneys, urinary bladder and
ducts
Digestive
Nervous
Protection, regulates temp and water, helps produce
vitamin D
Provides protection and support, allows movement,
produces blood cells, stores fats and minerals
Produces body movements, maintains posture,
produces body heat
Removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid
balance, absorbs fats from the digestive system
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and air, and regulates blood ph
Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes
Detects sensations, controls movements,
physiological processes and intellectual functions
Regulatory system that influences metabolism,
growth, reproduction…
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and
hormones through the body. Helps regulate blood
temp and in immune response
Removes waste from blood, and regulates blood pH,
ion balance and water balance.
Reproductive
Sexual organs
Site of fertilisation. Transport sperm to female.
Homeostasis
- Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
- Small amount of fluid surrounds each cells
- Variables such as temp, volume and chemicals must remain between a narrow range
- A set point is the point that the conditions are maintained around, the ideal point
- The variable fluctuates around the set point to produce a normal range of values
- Body systems work together to produce responses that counteract changes in the environment
- Sometimes deviation from the normal can be beneficial- such as during exercise
Negative Feedback
Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted
Components
- Receptor, monitors the value of a variable
- Control Centre, receives info about a variable from the receptor, establishes the set point and controls
the effector
- Effector, produces responses that change the valuable of the receptor
Positive Feedback
When variable deviates from the normal, the system responds to make the deviation even greater
Eg: Extreme blood loss, birth
Characteristics of Life
- Organisation- Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
- Metabolism- All chemical reactions of the body
- Responsiveness- Ability to sense changes and adjust
- Growth- Increase in size or number of cells
- Development- Changes in an organisation over time
o Differentiation- Change from general to specific
o Morphogenesis- Change in shape of tissues and organs
- Reproduction- New cells or organisms created
Body Position
- Anatomical position- standing erect, palms facing forward, ankles together
- Relational descriptions are always based on the anatomical position, eg: elbow is ALWAYS above the
wrist, even when the body is orientated a different way
- Body is prone when lying face down
- Supine when lying face up
Directional Terms
Right (their right)
Superior/ Cephalic (higher, or closer to the head)
Anterior/Ventral (front of body/closer to belly)
Proximal (closer to the point of attachment)
Lateral (away from midline)
Superficial (toward or on the surface of body)
Left (their left)
Inferior/Caudal (lower, closer to the feet)
Posterior/Dorsal (back of body, closer to back)
Distal (Farther from the point of attachment)
Medial (closer to midline)
Deep (away from surface, internal)
Body Parts and Regions
- Chest is divided into thorax, abdomen and pelvis
- Arm = is divided into arm (upper arm), forearm, wrist, hand
- Leg = is thigh, leg (lower leg), ankle, foot
Regions of the Abdomen
- Quadrants, upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right
Right
Epigastric
Left
Hypochondriac
Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac
Body Planes
- A plane sections the body
- Sagittal Plane- through the body vertically, separating it into left and right
o Median plane = exactly down the centre of the body
- Frontal/Coronal plane- runs from right to left, dividing the body into posterior and anterior sections
- Transverse/horizontal plane- runs parallel to the ground, divides the body into superior and inferior
Organs
-
Are sectioned to reveal their internal structure
Cut through the longest axis of the body is a longitudinal section
Cut at right angles to the long axis is a transverse section
Oblique sections are those cut at anything other than a right angle to the longest axis
Body Cavities
The trunk is divided into 3 cavities
Thoracic Cavity
- Protected by ribs
- Divided into left and right by mediastinum (contains the heart,
trachea, oesophagus, thymus)
Abdominal Cavity
- Enclosed by abdominal muscles
- Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
Pelvic Cavity
- Pelvis bone encloses it
- Bladder and internal reproductive organs
Serous Membranes
- Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within them
o Visceral Membrane- lines the organ
o Parietal Membrane- lines the inside of the cavity wall
- The membranes have a thin fluid between them produced by the membranes- reduces friction
Body Part
Heart
Lungs
Abdominopelvic Region
Visceral Membrane
Visceral Pericardium
Visceral Pleura
Visceral Peritoneum
Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Plural Cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
Parietal Membrane
Parietal Pericardium
Parietal Pleura
Parietal Peritoneum
Compendium 2
Functions of a Cell
- Cells are the basic units of all living things, they are the smallest part of the organism that has the
characteristics of life
Cell metabolism and energy use
- Chemical reactions that occur in cells are metabolic processes
- The energy released by these reactions, fuels cell activity- synthesis of molecules and muscle
contraction
- Energy is released as heat- helps maintain body temperature
Synthesis of Molecules
- Different cells synthesise different molecules such as- proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
- The structural and functional characteristics of cells are determined by which molecules they make
Communication
- Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with
each other
o Eg: nerve cells create chemical signals by which they communicate with muscle cells
Reproduction and Inheritance
- Most cells contain a complete copy of all the genetic information of the individual
- Genetic info determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell
- Cells divide to produce more cells, containing the same information
- Gametes transmit the genetic information to the next generation