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Anatomy- study of the structure of the body
Types of Anatomy
1)Developmental anatomy
2)Gross anatomy
3)Systemic anatomy
4)Regional anatomy
5)Surface anatomy
Developmental anatomy- Study of the structural changes that occur
between conception and adulthood
Embryology- subspecialty of developmental anatomy. Considers changes
from conception to the end of the 8th week of development. Most birth
defects occur during embryo logic development
Gross Anatomy- study of structures that can be examined without the
aid if a microscope. It can be approached from either a systemic or
regional perspective
Systemic Anatomy- body is studied system by system. Skeletal system,
digestive system, etc...
Regional Anatomy- body is studied area by area. Head, abdomen, arm,
etc...
Surface Anatomy- study of the external form of the body and its relation
to deeper structures. Sternum and parts of the ribs can be seen and
palpated felt. These can be used as landmarks to find parts that cannot
be felt
Physiology- study of the processes or functions of living things
Types of Physiology
Cell physiology
Systemic physiology
Neurophysiology
Cardiovascular physiology
Cell physiology- examines the processes occurring in cells
Systemic Physiology- considers the functions of organ systems
Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular Physiology- deals with the heart and blood vessels
Physiology often examines systems rather than regions because portions
of a system in more than one region can be involved in a given function
6 levels of organization
Chemical level
Cell level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
Chemical Level- level involves interactions between atoms. Atoms can
combine to form atoms
Cell level- molecules talked about at the chemical level combine to form
organelles which are the small structures that form up cells. Cells are the
basis structural and functional units of organisms
Tissue Level- a tissue is a group of similar cells and the material
surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding
materials determine the functions of the tissue. 4 types Of tissue:
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Organ Level- an organ is composed of 2 or more tissue types that
perform one or more common functions. Heart, bladder, skin, eye, etc....
Organ System Level- an organ system is a group of organs that have a
common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
Urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladders, and
urethra.
Organism Level- an organism is any living thing considered as a
wholewether
composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells,
such as a human
Types of Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Skeletal System
Lymphatic System
Muscular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Urinary System
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anatomical Position Refers to a person sitting erect with the face directed
forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands
facing forward
Supine- person lying face upward on the ground
Prone- person lying face downward on the ground
Directional Terms
All of these terms will be looked at in the anatomical position
Right and left are retained directional terms in the anatomical terminology
Superior- means up
Cephalic is synonymous with superior
Which means toward the head
Inferior- down Caudal is synonymous with inferior, which means toward
the feet
Cephalic and caudal can be used to describe directional movements on
the trunk, but they are not used to describe directional movements on the
limbs
Anterior- front, anterior means which goes before, and ventral means
belly. The anterior surface of the human body is therefore the ventral
surface or belly because the belly goes first when we are walking
Ex the naval is anterior to your spine
Posterior- back, means that which follows, dorsal means back, posterior
is the dorsal surface or back which follows as we are walking
Proximal- nearest
Distal- distant
These terms are used to describe linear structures such as limbs in which
one end is nearer another structure and the other end is farther away,
each limb is attached at its proximal end to the body and the distal end
such as the hand is farther away
Medial means toward the midline
Lateral means away from the midline
The nose is located in the medial position in the face
The eyes are lateral to the nose
Superficial refers to a structure close to the surface
The skin is superficial to the muscle and bones
Deep is toward the interior of the body
Bone and muscle is deep to the skin
Planes- imaginary surfaces that pass through the body to divide it into
certain sections
Sagittal
Transverse/Horizontal
Frontal/Coronal
Sagittal- a plane that runs vertically through the body separating it into
left and right portions
Transverse- a plane that runs parallel to the ground dividing the body into
superior and inferior portions
Frontal/Coronal- plane that runs vertically from left to right
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anatomical Term- common name
Cranial- skull
Frontal- forehead
Orbital- eye
Nasal- nose
Oral- mouth
Optical- base of skull
Cervical- neck
Nuchal- back of head
Acromial- point of shoulder
Scapular- shoulder blade
Dorsal- back
Vertebral- spinal column
Pectoral- chest
Sternal- breastbone
Mammary- breast
Abdominal- abdomen
Umbilical- navel
Olecranon- point of elbow
Dorsum- back of hand
Lumbar- loin
Pelvic- pelvis
Gluteal- buttock
Sacral- between hips
Inguinal- groin
Pubic- genital
Perineal- perineum
Femoral- thigh
Patellar- kneecap
Crural- leg
Popliteal- hollow behind your knee
Sural calf
Pedal- foot
Talus- ankle
Dorsum- top of foot
Digital- toes
Plantar- sole
Calcaneal- heel
Body Cavities
Body contains many Cavities
Trunk contains 3 large Cavities that do not open to the outside of the
body.: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Thoracic Cavity- the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal
cavity. Surrounded by the rib cage. It is divided into leftand right parts by
a median partition called the mediastinum
Mediastinum- contains the heart, the thymus, trachea, esophagus, and
other structures such as blood vessels and nerves. The lungs are located
on each side of the mediastinum
Abdominal Cavity- the abdominal muscles mainly enclose the abdominal
cavity. Contains the stomach, intestines, liber, spleen, pancreas, and
kidneys
Pelvic Cavity- the pelvic bones encase this small space. This is where the
urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive
organs are housed
Abdominopelvic Cavity- the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not
physically separate and are sometimes called the abdominipelvic cavity
Serous Membrane- cover the organs of the trunk cavities, and line the
trunk cavities. Visceral serous membrane. Parietal serous membrane.
Three serous membrane lined cavities.
Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Visceral and parietal serous membraneVisceral- membrane covering the membrane
Parietal- membrane attached to the cavity wall
These 2 Are a,ways together and there is a space between them.
The space between them is usually filled with a thin lubricating film of
serous fluid produced by the membranes
This lubrication helps reduce friction when organs rub together
If you were to imagine an inflated balloon into which a fist has been
pushed into it. The fist represents an organ. The inner wall balloon in
contact with the fist represents the visceral membrane. The outer part of
the balloon wall represents the parietal membrane
Pericardial Cavity- surrounds the heart. Is between the visceral and
parietal on the heart. Contains pericardial fluid
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pleural Cavity- surrounds each lung, covers the thoratic cavity. In
between the visceral pleura and parietal pluera
Peritoneal Cavity- covers the abdominipelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum
covers many of the organs of the abdominipelvic cavity. Parietal
peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominipelvic cavity and the inferior
surface of the diaphragm. Peritoneal cavity is between the visceral and
parietal cavity
Regions- the abdomen is often subdivided superficially into quadrants by
2 imaginary lines. One horizontal and 1 vertical, which intersect at the
navel. The quadrants formed at the right-upper, left- upper, right lower,
left- lower
In addition the abdomen is sometimes subdivided into 9 regions by 4
imaginary lines. 2 horizontal, and 2 vertical. Just like tic tac toe. Regions:
epigastrict, right and left. Hypochondriac, umbilical, right and left lumbar,
hypogastrict, and left and right iliac.
Survival Needs and Homeostasis
Nutrients- diet fuels the body. Junk food= energy poor fuel
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions which release energy
Maintinence of a stable internal environment= a dynamic state of
equilibrium, low temp= slow chemical reactions, high temp= frantic
chemical reactions. Proteins lose shape
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal functioning and to sustain
life even though the outside world changes constantly
Homeostatic imbalance- a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor- sensor that monitors the environment
Responds to change in the environment. Stimuli
Sends information to control center
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response or course of action
Effector
Provides a mean of response by the control. Centre to the stimulus,
results in feedback
Homeostasis- stable operating conditions in the internal environment
3 components interact
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Feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts old the original stimulus or reduce its intensity
Works like a houshold thermostat returns to ideal value
Positive feedback- increase the original stimulus to push the variable
farther. In this body the only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Movements
Flexion – bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
• In Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension – Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two
bones
• In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension – Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond
anatomical position
Adduction - Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction – Moving a body part away from midline of the body
Pronation – Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of foot down)
• Prone
Supination – Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up)
• Supine
Retraction - Moving a part backward
Protraction – Moving a part forward
Elevation – Raising a part
Depression – Lowering a part
Rotation – Turning on a single axis
Circumduction - Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
Internal Rotation – Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
External Rotation – Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from midline
Lateral Flexion – Side-bending left or right
Movements of the Foot
Inversion – Turning sole of foot inward
Eversion – Turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion – Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion – Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
Movements of the Wrist &Thumb
Radial Deviation – Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral
side
Ulnar Deviation – Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side
Opposition – Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand