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Anatomy- study of the structure of the body Types of Anatomy 1)Developmental anatomy 2)Gross anatomy 3)Systemic anatomy 4)Regional anatomy 5)Surface anatomy Developmental anatomy- Study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood Embryology- subspecialty of developmental anatomy. Considers changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development. Most birth defects occur during embryo logic development Gross Anatomy- study of structures that can be examined without the aid if a microscope. It can be approached from either a systemic or regional perspective Systemic Anatomy- body is studied system by system. Skeletal system, digestive system, etc... Regional Anatomy- body is studied area by area. Head, abdomen, arm, etc... Surface Anatomy- study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures. Sternum and parts of the ribs can be seen and palpated felt. These can be used as landmarks to find parts that cannot be felt Physiology- study of the processes or functions of living things Types of Physiology Cell physiology Systemic physiology Neurophysiology Cardiovascular physiology Cell physiology- examines the processes occurring in cells Systemic Physiology- considers the functions of organ systems Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular Physiology- deals with the heart and blood vessels Physiology often examines systems rather than regions because portions of a system in more than one region can be involved in a given function 6 levels of organization Chemical level Cell level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level Chemical Level- level involves interactions between atoms. Atoms can combine to form atoms Cell level- molecules talked about at the chemical level combine to form organelles which are the small structures that form up cells. Cells are the basis structural and functional units of organisms Tissue Level- a tissue is a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. 4 types Of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Organ Level- an organ is composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions. Heart, bladder, skin, eye, etc.... Organ System Level- an organ system is a group of organs that have a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit. Urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladders, and urethra. Organism Level- an organism is any living thing considered as a wholewether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human Types of Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal System Lymphatic System Muscular System Respiratory System Digestive System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Urinary System Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anatomical Position Refers to a person sitting erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward Supine- person lying face upward on the ground Prone- person lying face downward on the ground Directional Terms All of these terms will be looked at in the anatomical position Right and left are retained directional terms in the anatomical terminology Superior- means up Cephalic is synonymous with superior Which means toward the head Inferior- down Caudal is synonymous with inferior, which means toward the feet Cephalic and caudal can be used to describe directional movements on the trunk, but they are not used to describe directional movements on the limbs Anterior- front, anterior means which goes before, and ventral means belly. The anterior surface of the human body is therefore the ventral surface or belly because the belly goes first when we are walking Ex the naval is anterior to your spine Posterior- back, means that which follows, dorsal means back, posterior is the dorsal surface or back which follows as we are walking Proximal- nearest Distal- distant These terms are used to describe linear structures such as limbs in which one end is nearer another structure and the other end is farther away, each limb is attached at its proximal end to the body and the distal end such as the hand is farther away Medial means toward the midline Lateral means away from the midline The nose is located in the medial position in the face The eyes are lateral to the nose Superficial refers to a structure close to the surface The skin is superficial to the muscle and bones Deep is toward the interior of the body Bone and muscle is deep to the skin Planes- imaginary surfaces that pass through the body to divide it into certain sections Sagittal Transverse/Horizontal Frontal/Coronal Sagittal- a plane that runs vertically through the body separating it into left and right portions Transverse- a plane that runs parallel to the ground dividing the body into superior and inferior portions Frontal/Coronal- plane that runs vertically from left to right Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anatomical Term- common name Cranial- skull Frontal- forehead Orbital- eye Nasal- nose Oral- mouth Optical- base of skull Cervical- neck Nuchal- back of head Acromial- point of shoulder Scapular- shoulder blade Dorsal- back Vertebral- spinal column Pectoral- chest Sternal- breastbone Mammary- breast Abdominal- abdomen Umbilical- navel Olecranon- point of elbow Dorsum- back of hand Lumbar- loin Pelvic- pelvis Gluteal- buttock Sacral- between hips Inguinal- groin Pubic- genital Perineal- perineum Femoral- thigh Patellar- kneecap Crural- leg Popliteal- hollow behind your knee Sural calf Pedal- foot Talus- ankle Dorsum- top of foot Digital- toes Plantar- sole Calcaneal- heel Body Cavities Body contains many Cavities Trunk contains 3 large Cavities that do not open to the outside of the body.: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic Thoracic Cavity- the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity. Surrounded by the rib cage. It is divided into leftand right parts by a median partition called the mediastinum Mediastinum- contains the heart, the thymus, trachea, esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels and nerves. The lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum Abdominal Cavity- the abdominal muscles mainly enclose the abdominal cavity. Contains the stomach, intestines, liber, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys Pelvic Cavity- the pelvic bones encase this small space. This is where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs are housed Abdominopelvic Cavity- the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separate and are sometimes called the abdominipelvic cavity Serous Membrane- cover the organs of the trunk cavities, and line the trunk cavities. Visceral serous membrane. Parietal serous membrane. Three serous membrane lined cavities. Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Peritoneal cavity Visceral and parietal serous membraneVisceral- membrane covering the membrane Parietal- membrane attached to the cavity wall These 2 Are a,ways together and there is a space between them. The space between them is usually filled with a thin lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes This lubrication helps reduce friction when organs rub together If you were to imagine an inflated balloon into which a fist has been pushed into it. The fist represents an organ. The inner wall balloon in contact with the fist represents the visceral membrane. The outer part of the balloon wall represents the parietal membrane Pericardial Cavity- surrounds the heart. Is between the visceral and parietal on the heart. Contains pericardial fluid ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pleural Cavity- surrounds each lung, covers the thoratic cavity. In between the visceral pleura and parietal pluera Peritoneal Cavity- covers the abdominipelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers many of the organs of the abdominipelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominipelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. Peritoneal cavity is between the visceral and parietal cavity Regions- the abdomen is often subdivided superficially into quadrants by 2 imaginary lines. One horizontal and 1 vertical, which intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed at the right-upper, left- upper, right lower, left- lower In addition the abdomen is sometimes subdivided into 9 regions by 4 imaginary lines. 2 horizontal, and 2 vertical. Just like tic tac toe. Regions: epigastrict, right and left. Hypochondriac, umbilical, right and left lumbar, hypogastrict, and left and right iliac. Survival Needs and Homeostasis Nutrients- diet fuels the body. Junk food= energy poor fuel Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions which release energy Maintinence of a stable internal environment= a dynamic state of equilibrium, low temp= slow chemical reactions, high temp= frantic chemical reactions. Proteins lose shape Homeostasis must be maintained for normal functioning and to sustain life even though the outside world changes constantly Homeostatic imbalance- a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor- sensor that monitors the environment Responds to change in the environment. Stimuli Sends information to control center Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response or course of action Effector Provides a mean of response by the control. Centre to the stimulus, results in feedback Homeostasis- stable operating conditions in the internal environment 3 components interact Print Feedback mechanisms Negative feedback includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts old the original stimulus or reduce its intensity Works like a houshold thermostat returns to ideal value Positive feedback- increase the original stimulus to push the variable farther. In this body the only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Movements Flexion – bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones • In Fetal Position we are flexing our joints Extension – Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones • In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Hyperextension – Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position Adduction - Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction – Moving a body part away from midline of the body Pronation – Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of foot down) • Prone Supination – Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up) • Supine Retraction - Moving a part backward Protraction – Moving a part forward Elevation – Raising a part Depression – Lowering a part Rotation – Turning on a single axis Circumduction - Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal Rotation – Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External Rotation – Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from midline Lateral Flexion – Side-bending left or right Movements of the Foot Inversion – Turning sole of foot inward Eversion – Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion – Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion – Ankle movement pointing the foot downward Movements of the Wrist &Thumb Radial Deviation – Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side Ulnar Deviation – Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side Opposition – Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand