Download Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin H.M.S. Beagle 5 year

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Theory of Evolution
Chapter 13
The person who contributed the
most to our understanding of
evolution was
Charles Darwin
______________________
In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of
H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for
the _______________
a ________
5 year voyage around the world.
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
During his travels, Darwin wrote thousands
of pages in his journals, drew pictures of
the things he saw, and collected a vast
evidence
amount of ______________
that led him
revolutionary hypothesis
to propose a _______________________
life changes
about the way _____________.
DARWIN WONDERED?
different
Why do Argentina and Australia have ________
animals
______ even though they have ________
similar
ecosystems
grassland ____________?
Why are there no rabbits
______ in Australia and
no ________
kangaroos in England?
Why have so many species
disappeared?
http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif
http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/chg/content/images/2003_2233.JPG
Who Was Charles Darwin?
While on his voyage around the world
Beagle Charles Darwin
aboard the H.M.S.
____________,
spent about one month observing life on the
________________.
Galápagos Islands
There, he encountered some unique animals,
tortoises
such as finches
______ and ________.
http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg
http://mikebaird.com/ecuador/images/galapagos_off_ecuador_ng_map.jpg
How are these ______
extinct species
related to living species?
http://www.rc.umd.edu/praxis/mitchell/images/dinosaur1.gif
The Galάpagos Islands are close together
climates
but have very different _______.
Some were hot and dry, with
little vegetation.
Others had more rainfall and were
rich in vegetation
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Each island had
unique
its own _____
_________
assortment of
plant and animal
species.
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Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands
Section 15-1
After his voyage, Darwin spent a great
deal of time thinking about his findings.
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
and on Pinta Island, tortoise necks
were somewhere in between
Pinta
Tower
Marchena
Pinta Island
Intermediate shell
James
Fernandina
Santa Cruz
Isabela
Santa Fe
Hood Island
Floreana
Hood
Saddle-backed shell
On the desert-like Hood Island,
tortoises had long necks…
Isabela Island
Dome-shaped shell
…while
Go to on the lush rainforest of Isabela Island,
Section:tortoises had short necks…
He began to wonder if animals living on
different islands had once been members
same species that had
of the ____________
developed different
_________ characteristics
after becoming isolated
_______ from one
another in different habitats.
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
James Hutton
In 1785 ______________
proposes that the EARTH
shaped by
was _______
geological
forces
_________________
occurring over
very long
__________
periods of
time, and is
millions of years old.
_______________
In 1833 ___________
Charles Lyell
explains that the geological
processes still ___________
occurring now
have shaped Earth’s
features over
long
periods of time
________________
http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell
http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm
http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Thomas
Malthus (1798)
_____________________
Theory of Pangaea
He observed that babies were being born
faster than people were dying. He
reasoned that if the human population
continued to grow, sooner or later there
insufficient space & food
would be _______________________
…and continental
drift
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif
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http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to _________mates
attract
predators
and fight off _____________.
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1809)
___________________________
was one of first scientists
to recognize living things
changed
over time and that
_______________
all species were descended
________ from
other species.
repeated use, the
Through _________
front claw becomes ________.
larger
Lamarck published his hypothesis of
Inheritance of Acquired traits
________________________
the year Darwin was born.
The fiddler passes on this
acquired
__________
characteristic to
its offspring
http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Match the letter of the idea with
the man or men who proposed it:
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are
inherited
_______.
Malthus
Hutton
Lyell
If you lifted weights your
whole young adult life, and
then you had children, would
your kids be more muscular?
ACQUIRED traits can ____
PASSED ON
NOT be __________
NO! ________
to their offspring.
c.
Malthus
Hutton
a.
Lamarck
Lyell
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lamarck
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
After Darwin returned to England in 1836
he filled notebooks with his ideas
species diversity and the process
about _____________
evolution
that he would later call _______.
He did not rush to publish his ideas
disagreed with the
because they ________
beliefs of his
fundamental scientific ______
day.
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif
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In 1858 another naturalist,
Alfred
Russel Wallace wrote an
_________________,
Malaysia that
essay describing his work in _______
summarized the same ideas Darwin
_____ had
been thinking about for 25 years!
Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish
the results of his work!
In 1859
On
the Origin of Species
____________________
evidence
presented _______
and proposed a
mechanism
________ for evolution
that he called
NATURAL
SELECTION
__________________
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg
http://www.thesecondevolution.com/wallace&darwin.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
GENETIC VARIATION is found
_________________
naturally in all populations
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Some organisms in a ________
population
less likely to survive.
are ________
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
______________________
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE
means that members of each species
must ________
COMPETE for food, space, and
other RESOURCES
__________.
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
_____________________
organisms which are better adapted
survive and
to the environment will ______
________,
reproduce passing on their _____.
genes
http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg
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http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan170l.jpg
The ability of an individual to survive
______
and
reproduce in its specific
____________
environment
= fitness
______
inherited characteristic that
Any ___________________
of survival
increases an organism’s chance
______________
ADAPTATION
= _____________
http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.html
http://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet.jpg
http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Over time, natural selection
CHANGES in the
results in ________
inherited characteristics of a
POPULATION
__________.
increase a
These changes ______
species’ fitness
_____ in its environment.
How Does Evolution Really Work?
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:
Artificial selection
1. ________________
2. ________________
Fossil record
Geographic Distribution
3. _______________
Homologous structures
4. _______________
5. _______________
Embryology
DNA
6. _______________
7. _______________
See Natural selection happen
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
____________________________
suggests that each species has
DESCENDED
___________,
with CHANGES
________,
from other species over time.
This idea suggests that all living
TO EACH OTHER
species are RELATED
____________________,
and that all species, living and extinct,
COMMON ANCESTOR
share a _________________.
1. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
NATURE
In artificial selection, ____________
provides the _________
variation through
_________ and _________________
mutation
sexual reproduction
select those traits that
and humans
______________
they find ______.
useful
http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg
EX: We have
selected for and bred
cows to produce more
milk,
turkeys with more
breast meat, etc.
http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif
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ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS
____________________________
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
2. The Fossil Record –
Fossils
remains
______ are the _______
_________________
of ancient organisms
found in layers of rock
in the Earth.
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND
The layers of rock tell the history of the
Earth
_____, while the fossils
_____ found within
the rock tell a history of life
___.
The fossils are thought
same age as
to be the ________
the rock they
are found in.
Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would
expect to find closely
____________
related yet
_______________
different species living in a
_________
geographic region as they spread into
nearby habitats and evolve.
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
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http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES
Intermediate vegetation
Intermediate necks
Little vegetation
Long necks
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006
Lots of vegetation
Short necks
Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they
spread from the mainland to the different islands.
= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION
The _____
beaks of Galapagos finches have
adapted
______ to eating a variety
_____ of foods
_____.
Figure 15–14 Geographic Distribution of
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would
species
also expect to find different
_______________
living in far
________
apart geographic regions
but similar habitats becoming more
________
alike
similar ecosystems
as they adapt to ______________.
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Structures, like the limbs of
vertebrates, look very
_______,
different
but are made from the
__________,
same bones because
they are made from
the same clump of
undifferentiated
_____________ cells
in the embryo
_______.
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
Living Species
3. GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION OF
Section 15-3
LIVING SPECIES
Beaver and capybara
are closely-related
species
______________
living in very
different
________
environments,
while beaver and
musk-rat are
distantly-related
_______________
species living in a
_______
similar environment.
______
Differences between
beaver and capybara
divergent
show _________
evolution, while
similarities
between beaver and
muskrat show
convergent
__________
evolution.
Beaver
Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Muskrat
Beaver and
Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu and
Capybara
Differences
between
_____________
closely-related
muskrat
and coypu
divergent
show _________
evolution, while
similarities
between
distantly-related
______________
capybara
and coypu show
convergent
___________
evolution.
Coypu
HOMOLOGOUS Structures
4. ____________________
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
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4. Homologous Body Structures –
Somehomologous
_______________________
body structures
are _______
vestigial and have no useful
function even though they are still
present, like ________in
hipbones
whales and
boa constrictors, or a ____
tail and
cecum
________________in
(appendix)
humans.
5. Similarities
_____________________
in Embryology
________
Embryos of many animals with
backbones are very similar.
Image from:
http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html
Comparing Vertebrate Embryo Development
It is clear that the same groups of
_____________ cells develop in the
undifferentiated
same order to produce the same
tissues and organs of all vertebrates,
suggesting that they all _______
evolved
from a _______________.
common ancestor
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
Similarities in DNA
6. _______________
Similarities
DNA and
in ____
PROTEIN
________
sequences
suggest
relatedness
Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005
Human- 46 chromosomes
Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
karyotypes suggest an
Similar _________
evolutionary
relationship
___________________.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
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PATTERN MATCHES
1. BANDING
________________________
If you take the two smaller
chromosomes apes have that
we don’t, and place them
end to end, the banding
______
_______________
pattern
is identical to the
we
#2 human chromosome __
have
that they don’t
________________.
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
Telomere sequences are
at the ends and
found __________
ALSO
IN THE MIDDLE
_____________________
of human chromosome #2
suggesting it was made by
fusing
_____ two other
chromosomes together.
IN MIDDLE
2. TELOMERES
____________________
Chromosomes have special sequences
called telomeres
_______ at their ends to
protect the strands during
replication.
http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html
WHY DOES EVOLUTION MATTER NOW?
Can see Natural selection happen
7.____________________________
EX: Peppered Moths
Typica
Carbonaria
There is a natural
variation in
populations of
peppered moths.
Typica form - lighter
________________
Carbonaria form - darker
_________________
__
→
→
→
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
The light
___________
colored form was the predominant
form in England
prior to the Industrial Revolution
_____________________________.
Around the middle of the 19th century the
darker form began to appear. It was first
______
reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths
dark variety.
in Manchester were the ____
In recent years, the burning of
cleaner fuels and Clean Air
regulations has reduced the
pollution there and the
lighter colored moths
______
have increased in numbers.
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
7.____________________________
Can see Natural selection happen
EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that
produce new organisms and new
__________.
diseases
Bird flu
_______
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
HIV
___
Antibiotic-resistant
tuberculosis
__________________________
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
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