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Digestive System [Day 2] Main Ideas 4. Small Intestine • Stomach pyloric sphincter small intestine • First section of intestine = duodenum • Chemical digestion!! • Pancreas & liver deposit enzymes • Digestion Works Video 4. Small Intestine • First section of intestine = duodenum • Duodenal cells produce hormones • Secretin – stimulated by acid in chime • CCK (cholecystokinin) – stimulated by partially digested protein & fat • both target pancreas & liver – protome increased secretions 4. Small Intestine • Slightly basic (pH = 8.5) • Bile • From liver; emulsifies fat [into small droplets] • Pancreatic fluid: • has NaHCO3 [Neutralize stomach chime!] • Amylase [starch + H2 O → maltose] • Trypsin [protein + H2 O → peptides] • Lipase [fat + H2 O → glycerol + fatty acids] • Nuclease [DNA/RNA +H2 O → nucleotides] 4. Small intestine • Smaller diameter, larger length! [6 m!] • Villi & microvilli • Folds to increase surface area • Absorbs nutrients across intestinal wall, into blood vessels Villi Microvilli Capillaries (aa and glucose enters) Villi Lacteal (fat and glycerol enters) Lymph drains lacteal 4. Small Intestine • Mucosa of villi also secrete enzymes • Peptidase [𝑝𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑠] • Maltase [𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒] • Nucleosidase [𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 → 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟 + 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 + 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒] 5. Large Intestine • Finishes absorbing water & salts • Bacteria (E. coli) – produce vitamins, finish breakdown of cellulose • Prepares feces for elimination Transverse Colon Ascending Colon Descending Colon Cecum (blind end of intestine) Appendix (no function; may help infection, subject to inflammation; appendicitis) Rectum Sigmoid Colon Interesting Fact • contains bacteria (including E.coli.) that live on unabsorbed and undigested nutrients • the bacteria ferment any remaining carbohydrates and release H+, CO2, and methane gas. (flatus (flatulence) • by-products of the bacterial digestion account for the color and the smell of the feces. 6. Anal Sphincter • External anal sphincter is under voluntary control Elephant Guts Elephant guts online stop after 1:42 Continue on to elephant guts 2 Videos • Scrubs Song • Why do I have Gas • Constipation To Do’s • Q’s [next slide] • Provincial Questions # 2, 6, 10, 11, 13, 15?, 21, 29, 32-34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 50-52, 55 • Dictionary • Duodenum; villi Questions 1. Which organs are important for absorbing nutrients? Water? 2. What is the duodenum? Why do we care? 3. How do villi help in absorption? 4. What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine? 5. Does mechanical digestion occur anywhere in the stomach anus? Why/Why not?